Economic Systems
Old World hierarchical system that relied on serfs producing goods in exchange for loyalty. Mostly found in Europe and Japan in the 1200-1500s
Feudalism
Before the world industrialized (1800s), __________ was the main source of economic production
Agriculture
This once isolated nation modernized in the late 19th century, and quickly became an imperial world power, controlling half of the Pacific Ocean, the East Indies, and East Asia
Japan
How did Enlightenment ideas lead to revolution?
People were inspired by natural rights to overthrow absolute monarchs
Absolutism & Totalitarianism
One leader with all the power.
Absolutism (1400-1800s) Kings/Queens emperors who inherit their power.
Totalitarian (after WWI) dictators who rise to power.
This system fueled wealth creation during the Industrial Revolution (1800s) and later shared responsibility for fueling the Cold War.
Capitalism
Major Empires like the Ottomans, Mughals, and Safavids were also known as ________ _________ thanks to a Chinese technology that helped them dominate Asia... and fight each other (1300-1700)
Gunpowder Empires
This transoceanic crossing is arguably the most significant global turning point and source of cultural diffusion in history
Columbian Exchange (1492)
How did Industrialization lead to Imperialism
Imperial powers needed more natural resources and trade partners
Gandhi & Mandela
Post-WWII decolonization. Independence leaders.
Gandhi in India wanted independence from British imperialism. Relied on non-violence (mid-1900s)
Mandela in South Africa wanted to end apartheid from white government. shifted to more aggressive tactics (mid-late 1900s)
Often interchanged with "Socialism".
Popularized by Karl Marx because of dissatisfaction with industrial conditions.
Has primarily produced dictators in the 20th century.
Communism
These two trade routes facilitated trade and cultural diffusion in Old World Afro-Eurasia (1200-1600)
Silk Road: Asia <--> Europe and Trans-Saharan Trade Routes: Africa <--> Europe/Middle East
This trade pattern sent raw materials to Europe, manufactured goods to Africa, and the middle passage sent tens of millions of enslaved people to the Americas (1500-1800)
Triangular Trade
How did the Treaty of Versailles lead to World War II?
Germany was harshly punished --> economic crisis and shame --> Hitler --> aggression and the start of WWII
Divine Right & Enlightenment ("RIGHTS" will be incorrect)
Source of Power
Divine Right (1200s-1800s) - Used by Emperors and Absolutists to justify their power from God. Suppressed individual freedom. Concentrated power in the hands of a few.
Enlightenment (late 1700s-Present) - Used by average people and lower classes to challenge higher powers. Inspired revolutions.
This precursor to imperialism allowed European powers gained wealth by getting gold, silver, and trade imbalances with foreign territories (1500-1700s)
Mercantilism
This crop helped early empires like the Song Dynasty develop a stable food supply and grow their population (1200-1300)
Champa Rice
The most significant source of cultural diffusion in the Old World that linked East Africa, the Middle East, and Asia
Indian Ocean Trade Network
How has nationalism fueled conflict since WWII (after 1945)? Give an example
National pride pits groups against each other.
Israel vs. Palestine & India vs. Pakistan
Treaty of Nanjing after the Opium Wars & Berlin Conference
Imperialism, unequal treaties, European perpetrators.
Treaty of Nanjing (1842) - Forced China into Spheres of Influence
Berlin Conference (1884) - Divided Africa. Scramble for Africa
This system was the Spanish equivalent of plantation slavery in New World Latin America (1500s). Settlers were given control over land and native/indigenous populations. The goals were forced labor and Christianization
The Millet System, Devshirme System, and Janissaries helped the Ottoman Empire maintain control over their empire while also managing ______ within their large population (1300-1800)
Diversity
Name any reason why Imperialism shifted inland from the coast by the late 1800s
Better technology (weapons, navigation, medicine), industrial revolution (need for more resources, more goods to sell), social Darwinism, nationalism,
How does cultural diffusion lead to syncretism?
As cultures interact with each other, sometimes completely new cultures emerge.
Ex) Voodoo (Christianity & West African traditions)
Ottoman Empire (1299-1918) & British Empire (late 1500s-mid 1900s)
Dominated their era. Controlled large amounts of territory. Ruled a diverse range of people.
Ottomans - land-based, more traditional, pre-industrial
British - maritime, modernized, post-industrial