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the development and application of a new approach to understanding the natural world, emphasizing empirical observation, mathematical reasoning, and experimentation over traditional philosophical and religious explanations. This shift led to groundbreaking discoveries in various fields like astronomy, physics, biology, and chemistry, and fundamentally altered society's understanding of nature
The Scientific Revolution
An Italian sailor who sailed for Spain in 1492 with the intent to reach the far east but reached the Caribbean instead, thought he was in India
Christopher Columbus
The first two countries to explore the New World
Spain and Portugal
Martin Luther protested and abused parts of the Catholic Church but was excommunicated by the pope and so he revolted
Protestant Reformation
European goods (metalware, cotton, alcohol) were brought to Africa and exchanged for gold, ivory, and slaves, then slaves were brought to the Americas and sold in exchange sugar, tobacco and cotton
Colombian Exchange
Practiced the caste system, practiced Confucianism, had a monopoly on gunpowder, practiced isolationism, had no foreign access and persecuted Christians, increase production of rice, became urbanized and built roads and canals
Japan
Overseas colonies under complete control of mostly Spain or Portugal. Portugal had Brazil and Spain had Caribbean islands
Maritime Empires
The diseases European Settlers and Conquistadors brought to Native Americans.
smallpox, measles, typhus, and cholera
Located in present day Turkey, controlled most of the Middle East, conquered Constantinople, had large bureaucracy, used the devshirme system to recruit janissaries, and made non Muslims pay a jizya tax
Ottoman Empire
A philosophical and intellectual movement during the 1700s, used rational thinking to try to solve world social and political problems, used logic to come up with progressive ideas that justified the French and American Revolutions, Led by John Locke
The Enlightenment
Spain declared all Native Americans as slaves and were forced to work in mines, sugarcane farms, Catholics said it was too harsh and got rid of it
the encomienda system
Absolute monarch in France, had a centralized bureaucracy, changed administrative power to civil servants, built the palace of Versailles to show his large power, had strongest army and navy in Europe. Persecuted Protestants even though they were religiously free, and put France into huge debt, leading to the French Revolution
Louis XIV
Ports in the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic; mostly controlled by Spain and Portugal used for trade.
trading post empires
An explorer from Portugal who started exploring the Mediterranean and then explored west and south, claimed the Atlantic island groups Azores and ports along Africa's west coast
Prince Henry the Navigator
An explorer from Portugal who made their way to India, the first European to reach India by sea, started journey in 1497 and landed in 1498 and traded making large profit
Vasco De Gama
Europeans wanted to convert Native Americans to Catholicism, most important was economic motivation (New World contained mining, silver and sugarcane on plantations)
Motivators for Exploration
Had great advancements by discovering exploration and how to sail all around the world, mapped major oceans and landmasses, gave power and wealth, started colonization, became world's dominate area, negatively caused use of slavery, racism and religious intolerance
Europe
Economic philosophy where countries viewed other nations as rivals, wanted to be self sufficent, believed the state should have complete control over all economic activity, had colonies and used them for economic extensions and raw materials
Mercantalism
political units with fixed borders, sense of national unity, populations with similar language and ethnicity
Nation States
Generals who brought control over North and South America under Spanish control.
Conquistadors
Blending of religions such as voodoo (blend of animistic spirits of West Africa with Native American beliefs and Catholic beliefs
syncretic religions
Conquered India, practiced Islam, one of worlds gunpowder empires, had strong economy from cotton trade, ruled by Akbar the Great, fell apart when rulership fell to Aurangzeb who imposed the jizya tax and forced all to follow Sharia law
Mughal Empire
System that recruited boys from Christian areas and had them work for the sultan to get gunpowder or serve in the military, converted to Islam, treated well
Devshirme System
What tools did Europe use to explore?
navigational advancements like astrolabe, compass, the caravel sailing ship, and gunpowder weaponry
Fought between England and France, England took Canada away from France, French citizens of Canada were forced to leave and settle in the Louisiana Territory
French and Indian War/ Seven Years' War