Byzantine Empire
What event marked the final fall of the Byzantine Empire?
The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453.
When did the Black Death occur in Europe?
Between 1347 and 1351.
What was the Great Schism?
A split in the Catholic Church where two popes ruled at the same time.
What does the word “Renaissance” mean and when did it happen?
Rebirth of classical Greek and Roman culture and about c. 1300 to c. 1600
What war did France and England fight from 1337–1453?
The Hundred Years’ War.
Who were the main external threats to the Byzantine Empire?
The Seljuk Turks and the Crusaders.
What percentage of Europe’s population died during the plague?
Around 40–50%, roughly 40 million people.
Besides Rome, where did the other pope live?
Avignon, France
Name two major Italian city-states that led the Renaissance.
Florence and Venice.
Who helped inspire the French to victory in that war?
Joan of Arc.
How long did the Byzantine Empire outlast the Western Roman Empire
Roughly 1,000 years.
How did the Black Death spread across Europe?
Through fleas on rats that traveled along trade routes like the Silk Road.
Which king clashed with Pope Boniface VIII over taxes?
King Philip IV of France.
What was one main focus of Renaissance thought compared to medieval times?
Humanism and secularism instead of religion.
What English conflict followed the Hundred Years’ War, and what was this war? (I.e,. Who did it fight?)
The War of the Roses and it was a civil war.
What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?
Constantinople.
What was one major social impact of the Black Death?
Peasants gained more power due to labor shortages.
What weakened the Church’s authority during this time?
Corruption and political involvement.
`Who wrote The Prince?
Niccolò Machiavelli.
Which nation became the strongest in Western Europe by the 1500s?
Spain
What religion was dominant in the Byzantine Empire?
Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
Which group was falsely blamed for spreading the plague?
Jewish communities, leading to violent pogroms.
When was the Great Schism finally resolved?
1417.
What artistic innovations defined Renaissance art?
Use of perspective and naturalism.
What powerful dynasty ruled Austria and the Holy Roman Empire?
The Habsburgs.