Rulers
How did absolute monarchs consolidate power in Europe?
Centralized authority: Monarchs like Louis XIV of France centralized power by reducing the influence of nobles and controlling the military and economy
Divine right: Kings claimed their power came directly from God, which justified their absolute rule, as seen with Louis XIV (the "Sun King").
Building strong militaries: Monarchs like Frederick the Great (Prussia) and Peter the Great (Russia) used military power to strengthen their states.
What were the key features of the Ottoman Empire?
Based in Turkey, Sunni Muslim, used gunpowder, strong military, conquered Constantinople in 1453.
The caffienated beverage traded from the old to new world in the Columbian exchange.
What is Coffee?
Who was at the top of the social hierarchy in the Ottoman Empire?
The sultan.
What innovations in navigation helped drive European exploration?
Astrolabe, Magnetic Compass, Caravel, Lateen Sail
What strategies did Ottoman rulers use to maintain power?
The Sultans of the Ottoman Empire created a centralized bureaucracy and controlled their military through the elite Janissary corps (elite infantry).
Devshirme system: They recruited Christian boys, converted them to Islam, and trained them as soldiers or bureaucrats.
The Ottomans also used religious tolerance (millets system) to govern diverse populations.
Conquered most of South and Central America
What is the Spanish Empire?
What were the major maritime trade routes in this period?
Indian Ocean Trade, Atlantic Slave Trade and Transatlantic Trade Routes
What was the social system in Mughal India?
The caste system
A mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal
What is Gunpowder?
How did Louis XIV strengthen his power?
Louis XIV built the Palace of Versailles and controlled the nobility, making them live with him to keep them under control.
What were the key features of the Safavid Empire?
Based in Persia (Iran), Shia Muslim, known for art and architecture, conflict with Ottomans.
What were the main goods traded during this period?
Spices, Silver, Sugar, Tobacco, Cotton, Textiles
Did women have more freedom in the Ottoman Empire or Mughal Empire?
The Ottoman Empire.
What agricultural innovations increased food production in this period?
new crops and crop rotation
What was the role of the Ottoman sultans in ruling their empire?
The sultans were powerful rulers who controlled the military and used Janissaries (elite soldiers) to maintain power.
Economy collapsed following silver trade with Spain
What is the Ming Dynasty (China)?
How did the Ming Dynasty in China participate in global trade
Initially, China was an active player in global trade, exporting silk, porcelain, and tea. They later restricted foreign trade in the 17th century.
What was the main labor system in Spanish America?
slavery
How did the introduction of new world crops (such as potatoes and maize) affect global societies?
New crops, particularly potatoes and maize, became staple foods in Europe and Asia. They helped support population growth and provided new sources of nutrition. These crops were also introduced to the African continent, impacting local diets.
How did Akbar the Great treat different religions?
Akbar was tolerant of other religions and allowed Hindus and Muslims to coexist peacefully in his empire.
How did gunpowder technology help these empires?
Gunpowder weapons like cannons and muskets helped these empires conquer and control large territories. They were key in military success and expansion.
How did the Qing Dynasty in China participate in global trade?
The Qing also traded silk, tea, and porcelain but limited foreign interactions, especially with Europe, maintaining a trade imbalance.
Can peasants move up in the Qing Dynasty?
not very easily
How did military innovations help European powers dominate the seas?
European powers developed gunpowder artillery and advanced ships like the caravel, giving them a significant advantage in maritime warfare. This allowed them to establish control over trade routes and colonies, especially during the Age of Exploration.