1200-1450
This empire facilitated trade across Afro-Eurasia and protected Silk Roads.
Mongol Empire
This global process followed European arrival in the Americas and resulted in the widespread exchange of crops, animals, and diseases.
Columbian Exchange
This economic transformation began in Great Britain and shifted production from handcraft to machine-based manufacturing.
Industrial Revolution
This global conflict began after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.
World War I
This prolonged geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union shaped global alliances after WWII.
Cold War
This trading system connected East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia using predictable seasonal wind patterns.
Indian Ocean Trade
After conquering Constantinople in 1453, this empire became a major political and economic power in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Ottoman Empire
This ideology applied evolutionary ideas to justify European dominance over other societies during imperial expansion.
Social Darwinism
This 1919 agreement imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany after World War I.
Treaty of Versailles
This Southeast Asian conflict became a major Cold War proxy war involving U.S. military intervention.
Vietnam War
The dominant institution in Western Europe that influenced politics, education, and daily life during this period.
Catholic Church
Large quantities of this metal mined in the Americas became a key medium of exchange in global trade, especially with Asia.
Silver
Following the Meiji Restoration, this country rapidly industrialized and adopted Western technologies.
Japan
This authoritarian ideology, associated with leaders like Mussolini and Hitler, emphasized nationalism and centralized control.
Fascism
This reform policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev aimed to restructure the Soviet economy.
Perestroika
This pandemic, likely spread along trade routes, caused massive population decline across Afro-Eurasia in the 14th century.
Black Death (Plague)
This European kingdom, under Prince Henry the Navigator, led early exploration down the West African coast.
Portugal
This 1884–1885 meeting established the rules for European claims in Africa, accelerating imperial expansion.
Berlin Conference
This policy aimed to prevent the spread of communism during the early Cold War.
Containment
This term describes the increasing economic, cultural, and technological interconnectedness of the world.
Globalization
This decentralized political system relied on land-based obligations between lords and vassals.
Feudalism
This labor system granted Spanish settlers the right to demand tribute and labor from Indigenous populations.
Encomienda System
This economic system emphasizes private ownership, free markets, and profit motive.
Capitalism
Formed in 1945, this international organization aimed to promote peace and cooperation among states.
United Nations
The fall of this structure in 1989 symbolized the collapse of communist control in Eastern Europe.
Berlin Wall