1.1
What innovation kept China an economic powerhouse & helped unify CHina in 960-1276 CE?
Gunpowder and the Grand Canal
What are the three religions that shape societies in Africa and Asia.
Islam, Judaism, and Christianity
What did the caste system in Hinduism consist of?
Brahims, Kshatriyas, vaisyas, sudras.
In what ways did the Incas different from the Aztecs?
The Aztecs led a more brutal, warlike lifestyle, with frequent human sacrifices, whereas the Maya favoured scientific endeavours such as mapping the stars and building excellent road systems.
In which centuries did the manorial System flourishes?
11th to 15th Centuries
Why was the Champa Rice so important for the Song Dynasty?
Champa rice could resist drought and flood and matured early, which increased the food available in the empire. Therefore, increasing the population.
Muslim rule and Islam continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to...
1) Military expansion
2) Islam, subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis.
How are Muslims and Hindus different in their beliefs?
Hindus have temples with pictures of dieties; Muslims disapprove of visual representations of Allah
Between which year did the Aztec civilization flourishes?
1300s-1500s
In which century did Feudalism declines?
14th Century
Define the Civil Service Exam & give some advantages + disadvantages of it?
- Confucian test given to qualify a person (based on merit), and allow for him to obtain a job in the Chinese government.
(+)
- allowed the poor to take it but realistically the poor were vastly underrepresented in the bureaucracy
(-)
-Increase jobs → drying up china surplus wealth → one reason for its collapse
As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged
These (three) new political entities are:
● Seljuk Empire
● Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt
● Delhi Sultanates
note: Mostly dominated by Turkic people. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.
How were Muslims successful in converting Hindus and Buddhists to their religion?
Muslim merchants moved to Indian port cities and married; wives ended up converting
In what year did the Mexica settle in Tenochtitlan?
1345
Explain how the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions in Europe affected European society
Example of answer:
1) Christian churches established universities, which increase intellectual life and education that was lacking after the fall of Rome.
2) Muslims, who preach on the importance of knowledge, opened up Europe to trade and ideas that were less self-sufficient and isolated under feudalism, and gave women more opportunities.
Explain the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and how they developed over time.
The systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties are initially built upon the two traditional beliefs of Confucianism and Daoism, which originated between the 6th - 3rd Centuries B.C.E. The Song Dynasty obtained organizational strength and developed justification for its rule through an imperial bureaucracy of officials, appointed to the direct service of the emperor’s policies. Influenced by the early Han dynasty’s implementations of Confucianism and its Civil Service Exam, the Tang dynasty further expanded and promoted this operation when it rose to power, and Mediocracy became China’s bureaucratic system. Strongly educated male scholars who scored well were appointed officials and given the opportunity of upward mobility, despite their social class of origin. However, this soon become one of the downfalls of the empire as it was drying up china's surplus wealth.
-Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.
What reasons contributed to widespread conversion of Islam?
• wasn't drastic change for Jew or Christian
• Islam sponsored by powerful state at time
• people didn't have beliefs & saw how powerful the Arabic Empire was & believed Allah was all-powerful
How did Islam change/ reinforce social structures in South Asia?
attracted low caste Hindus who believed converting would improve their social statues; appealed to people who suffered the most under the existing system
Explain how and why states in the Americas developed and changed over time.
Example answer:
As the Aztec city-states continue to transform into a tributary states, women were treated with more importance for their cloth making, which led to a normalization of polygyny.
Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to 1450.
Example of answer:
1) Feudalism decentralize Western Europe which led the nobles and monarchs establishing contracts that ensure the right of nobility, limiting the monarchs' power.
Explain the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia over time.
- Chinese cultural traditions continued, and they influenced neighboring regions.
- Buddhism and its core beliefs continued to shape societies in Asia and included a variety of branches, schools, and practices.
"Come, come, whoever you are come! Heathen, fire worshipper or idolatrous, come! Come even if you broke your penitence a hundred times, Ours is the portal of hope, come as you are."
Background: Jalaluddin Rumi was a 13-century poet, jurist, theologian and Sufi mystic who is one of the most influential writers in Muslim history. As a Sufi, he embraced the use of music, poetry and dance as a means of reaching God.
Source: Muslim Narratives and the Discourse of English (2004) by Amin Malak, p. 151
A. Based on the quotation above, explain the appeal of Islam to potential converts
B. Briefly explain why the Muslim world embraced calligraphy rather than religious icons as a central form of art.
a) Sufis played an important role in the spread of Islam. They tended to adapt to local cultures and traditions, sometimes interweaving local religious elements into Islam, and in this way they won many converts.
b) For most Muslims it's an absolute prohibition - Muhammad, or any of the other prophets of Islam, should not be pictured in any way. Therefore, Muslim world embraced calligraphy rather than religious icons as a central form of art.
Why were the Sufis more successful in gaining converts?
They were very tolerant and allowed their converts to keep other beliefs even if it contradicted Islam; many in indonesia felt comfortable converting
Explain how and why states in Africa developed and changed over time.
Example answer:
In Africa, through the establishment of trade from the Muslims, Ghana’s rulers sold gold and ivory to Muslim traders in exchange for salt, copper, cloth, and tools. This transform Ghana into a economic-oriented state of some sort.
Explain the effects of agriculture on social organization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450
Example of answer:
1) Most western Europeans were serfs that worked on a manor and were considered the lower class. After the black death, serfdom began to disappear. Severe depopulation and migration of the village to cities caused an acute shortage of agricultural labourers. This led to better terms and treatment for the serfs.
2) New crop techniques such as the three-field-system allowed for the surplus of agricultural produce, this led to population growth.