Exploration - Causes and Events
Three innovations/inventions new to Europe that allowed for European ships to venture further and lead to the Age of Exploration for Europe.
What are Lateen Sails, astrolabe, compass, wind pattern charts, understanding of tides, stern rudder, astronomical charts, etc
Name three of the four main European maritime empires from 1450-1750.
Spain, Portugal, The Dutch(Netherlands or Holland) and Great Britain
This form of labor taxation was adopted by the Spanish from the Inca to obtain coerced labor to work their mines. (Both general and specific term are required)
What was corvee/the mit'a system
This system of forced labour was widely used as a means to punish debtors and allowed poor Europeans to secure a ticket to the Americas.
What is indentured servitude
The conflict named after this leader marked a significant decline of relations between indigenous people and European settlers in 15th/16th century North America. Be sure to include the endonym and exonym.
Who was Metacom/King Phillip's War
Name one syncretic religions formed in the Caribbean that were a combination of Christian ideas and African Spiritualism.
What are Vodun (Voodoo) and Santeria
Name two major motivations for increased European economic interaction with the rest of the world from the 15th century onward.
Cutting out middleman to reduce price inflation and deprive rivals of revenue (Ottoman Empire), new commercial practices (joint-stock companies, bills of exchange/paper money), increased nationalism and competition (mercantilism), changing religious beliefs, etc.
This connection brought the greatest number of people from the Eastern to Western Hemispheres. Mention how many people crossed the Atlantic in this manner.
What was the Middle Passage. 12.5 Million people, of which at least 10-15% (2 mil) perished.
These two treaties established the Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence the Americas and Asia respectively.
What were the Treaties of Tordesillas (1494) and Zaragoza (1529)
The process of a ship carrying European manufactured goods to Africa, where they traded them for slaves, which then were transported to America to work to grow raw materials which were then sent to Europe for manufacturing into goods and it would start all over again.
This pair of Shawnee brothers drew from the religion and politics of settlers in order to challenge their overall presence/influence
Who were Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa?
Name a major cause of increasing social power of women in many stateless West African communities, and increasing practice of polygamy in state societies?
The targeting of men, especially young men, for export into the Atlantic slave trade.
The primary thalassic Islamic trading state exerting influence in the Indian ocean before European expansion.
What is the Omani empire
Name at least three reasons for African participation in the Atlantic slave trade.
Securing access to strategic goods, disposing of enemies/social undesirables, lack of common identity, profit motive, etc.
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.
What is mercantalism
This company came to dominate the spice trade after seizing control from the Portuguese by the 17th century, establishing a headquarters at Batavia (today Jakarta) in 1611.
What was the Dutch East India Company/VOC
The name for people in the Caribbean who escaped slavery and lived in hidden communities.
Who were the Maroons
The casta you would belong in if your mother was an Amerindian and your father was Spanish.
What is a Mestizo
The order of the four main states that dominated the Indian-Ocean sea trade. ex. France, Qing, Russia, United States (this example is very wrong!)
What was Islamic merchants, Portuguese, Dutch, British
Name at least two two staple crops new to Europe and Africa from the Americas that led to increasing populations?
What are corn/maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava
Name the economic activity and which contributed to the development of African-based chattel slavery in the Caribbean, Brazil and Southern US.
What is the pursuit of Super Profits from the production of cash crops and increased resistance to Old World diseases, which allowed for overexploitation in order to make said profits
Explain the motivations for both the Catholic Church and local Mexica people for the syncretic development of veneration of Our Lady of Guadalupe from the overlap of the Aztec deity Tonantzin and the Virgin Mary?
The Mexica could use it as an argument for equal status with Hispanoles, the Church could use it to promote conversion
Who is Queen Nzinga/What is a need for arms and munitions
This campaign by Catholic powers to drive Muslim kingdoms from the Iberian peninsula involved both military action, and a strategy for converting Iberian Muslims and Jews which eventually inspired the Encomienda system.
What was the Reconquista
Explain the way in which military threats on the northern Ming border allowed for European expansion into the Indian Ocean.
Shifting spending from the navy to the army, ending Zheng He's voyages and creating a power vaccum
Describe the differences between the forms of early imperial expansion seen with Iberian states and other, largely Protestant European states (Dutch, British).
What are territorial and trading post empires?
Identify the primary impacts of the transatlantic slave trade on the African continent, especially West Africa. Mention 3 based on different AP themes.
P: Destabilization and undermining of established state authorities
I: Increased access to firearms
E: Increased coastal trade, a shift of trade from Trans-Saharan to Trans-Atlantic
C: Increase in polygamy due to decrease in men
E: Increased trade volume, greater diversity of economic goods traded
S: Increased power for women in certain states/cultures
Name two reasons for Spain's failure to thoroughly benefit from the silver trade.
What were inflation and military spending
This leader of an indigenous revolt against the Spanish empire in the Andes in the 1740s, seeking to establish a new Incan Empire. Hint: One of the best known hip-hop artists of the 90s was named after him.
Tupac Amaru (II)
Weber uses this term to describe the connection between the Reformation and changes in economic thinking among European merchants artisans, and even some lower aristocrats, who formed the Proto-Bourgeois class.
What is "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism"