Industrialization & Labor
First region to industrialize in the late 18th century.
What is Great Britain?
Economic system based on private ownership and market competition, expanded during Unit 5.
What is capitalism?
19th-century policy where European powers extended control over Africa and Asia.
What is imperialism?
Late-18th/19th-century set of political movements emphasizing shared culture, language, and history to form states.
What is nationalism?
Rapid urban growth around factories produced this 19th-century demographic shift.
What is urbanization?
Steam-powered innovation that revolutionized land and sea transport in the 19th century.
What is the steam engine?
System of producing goods in factories using machines and division of labor.
What is industrialization?
Doctrine advocating minimal government interference in the economy, popularized by Adam Smith.
What is laissez-faire economics?
1884–85 meeting where European powers divided Africa with little regard for ethnic boundaries.
What is the Berlin Conference?
Revolution (1800s) inspired by Enlightenment and independence models that led to liberation of many Latin American colonies.
What are the Latin American independence movements?
19th-century reform movement aimed at ending the transatlantic slave trade and slavery itself.
What is abolitionism?
Communication technology that enabled near-instantaneous long-distance messaging.
What is the telegraph?
Mechanized cotton-processing invention that increased textile output in Britain.
What is the cotton gin? (Accept: spinning jenny or power loom)
British economic policy that depended on cheap raw materials from colonies and export of manufactured goods.
What is mercantilism? (Accept: imperial commercial economy)
British economic and administrative strategy in India combining direct rule and use of local elites; major rebellion in 1857.
What is the British Raj (or Company rule / Sepoy Rebellion of 1857)?
1848 Europe-wide unrest pushing for constitutional reform, nationalism, and social change.
What are the Revolutions of 1848?
ocial theory that argued societies progress through competition and "survival of the fittest," often misapplied to justify inequality.
What is Social Darwinism?
19th-century scientific theory by Charles Darwin that influenced thinking about human societies.
What is evolution by natural selection (or Darwinism)?
Economic practice in factories where workers specialize in one repetitive task to increase efficiency.
What is the division of labor?
19th-century financial institution created to fund industrial expansion and international trade.
What is the modern bank (or joint-stock company)? (Accept: stock exchange)
Policy of ruling through local rulers who were left in place but expected to follow colonial directives.
What is indirect rule?
Movement in Germany and Italy during the 19th century that led to political unification of separate states.
What is national unification (or the unification of Germany/Italy)?
Movement that sought political and legal rights for women, including suffrage, in the 19th century.
What is the early feminist (or women's rights) movement?
Ideology developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels calling for proletarian revolution and the abolition of class systems.
What is Marxism?
19th-century labor organization that used collective bargaining and strikes to improve wages and conditions.
What is a trade union (or labor union)?
Economic dependency pattern where colonies supplied raw materials and imported finished goods, reinforcing imperial dominance.
What is unequal exchange (or dependency)?
Imperialist practice in which settlers from the colonizing country move to a colony and establish permanent communities.
What is settler colonialism (or settler imperialism)?
Key leader of Haitian Revolution who led former slaves to independence in 1804.
Who is Toussaint L’Ouverture? (Accept: Jean-Jacques Dessalines)
Ideology emerging from industrialization calling for collective ownership of property and means of production.
What is socialism (or communism)?
Late-19th-century technological innovation that accelerated global trade by improving steel production and rail construction.
What is the Bessemer process (or steel production advancements)?