Land-Based Empires
This Safavid-Ottoman rivalry was fueled by a split between these two major branches of Islam.
What are Sunni and Shi'a?
This was the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after 1492.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The growth of this specific "economy" in the Americas led to a massive spike in the demand for enslaved labor, primarily to produce labor-intensive cash crops like sugar.
What is the Plantation Economy?
While the "Great Dying" decimated the New World, this region saw its population "explode" due to the introduction of American food crops.
What is Afro-Eurasia
These "runaway slave societies" in the Americas represented a form of direct resistance to state power.
What are Maroon Societies?
The Ottomans used this "recruitment system" to turn Christian boys into elite, loyal soldiers.
What is the Devshirme?
European mariners used this new, smaller, and more maneuverable ship to navigate the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
What is the Caravel?
Unlike indentured servitude, this form of forced labor meant people were treated as personal property for life.
What is Chattel Slavery?
These high-calorie crops from the New World helped Afro-Eurasian populations "flourish" and grow, despite the mini-famines of the Little Ice Age.
What is the Potato and Maize/Corn?
This specific "current/wind pattern" in the Atlantic was mastered by the Portuguese to help them return home safely.
What is the Volta do Mar?
This empire expanded across North Africa, the Middle East, and SE Europe, famously using massive cannons to finally take down the walls of Constantinople in 1453.
What is the Ottoman Empire?
This specific maritime technology, originally from China, allowed sailors to determine their direction even in cloudy weather.
What is the Compass?
This "racial social hierarchy" in the Spanish Americas put the Peninsulares at the very top.
What is the Casta System?
This specific 17th-century conflict in New England was a major "Internal Challenge" where Indigenous people fought back against British territorial expansion.
What is Metacom’s War (or King Philip’s War)?
In Japan, this "isolationist" government centralized power by forcing local lords (daimyo) to live in the capital every other year.
What is the Tokugawa Shogunate?
While the Ottomans had Janissaries, the Ming Dynasty relied on these "castrated officials" to manage the internal palace.
Who are Eunuchs?
The Portuguese established this type of "empire" in the Indian Ocean, focusing on controlling key ports rather than vast inland territories.
What is the Portuguese Trading Post Empire?
This was the Incan "labor tax" that the Spanish hijacked to force people to work in the Potosí silver mines.
What is the Mit'a System?
This specific "Plantation Crop" from the Old World grew so well in the New World that it became the #1 reason for the massive expansion of Chattel Slavery.
What is Sugar?
While the Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Afro-Eurasia, this "Global Circulation" of a specific precious metal was the first time the entire world was truly connected in a single trade network.
What is the Global Silver Trade?
To "centralize and maintain control," the Safavid Empire stood out from its neighbors by mandating this specific version of Islam, using it as both a religious requirement and a political tool to differentiate itself from the Sunni Ottomans.
What is Twelver Shiism?
This Portuguese explorer was the first to "expand" European trade routes by sailing around the southern tip of Africa to reach India, bypassing land-based middlemen.
Who is Vasco da Gama?
This system granted Spanish settlers land and the right to use the Indigenous people on it as forced labor.
What is the Encomienda System?
The Spanish created this "Casta" label for people born of one European parent and one African parent, placing them in a middle-tier social rank.
Who are Mulattoes?
To "legitimize" their expansion in the New World, Spanish and Portuguese rulers relied on this specific religious order to establish missions and convert Indigenous populations.
Who are the Jesuits?