4.1- 4.3 Tech & Explorations & Columbian Exchange
State Sponsorship of exploration, improved maritime technology, and drawing on Islamic knowledge all led to improvements in European _____________, or map making.
Cartography
As Europeans set up Trading Posts Empire in the Indian Ocean, what religion were Europeans bringing with them into Asia
Christianity
Name the economic system that involved the government controlling trade practices, accumulation of bullion, and maintaining a positive trade balance.
Mercantilism
Name the 2 American Empires that resisted the Spanish Conquistadors, but were conquered and colonized
Aztec & Inca
Why did the Atlantic Slave Trade restructure gender roles in Africa?
Men were taken more often
Joint-stock trading companies enabled European economic & political influence in the Indian Ocean. Name 1 of the most famous of these companies
Dutch East India Company (VOC) or British East India Company
Name 2 American foods that became staple crops in Afro-Eurasia
Maize (corn), Potatoes, Cassava
In their establishment of ___________empires, Portuguese, Dutch, and British merchants and states competed and often fought one another for access to Asian markets and resources.
Trading Post Empires
Although the Spanish and Portuguese succeeded in imposing Roman Catholicism as the official religion in their American colonies and the Native American population did convert to Christianity, many Native American religious traditions were partly preserved in the emerging ___________ beliefs & practices
Syncretic
While some states oppressed religious & ethnic diversity, others engaged in state building that accommodated diversity. Name two empires that accommodated diversity
Ottomans & Mughals
Cash crop plantations in the Americas demanded mass amounts of labor which led to unprecedented importation of slaves from Africa, with Brazil's plantations importing the most. Name 2 of the most prominent cash crops in the Americas
Sugar, Tobacco, Cotton
While economic production in the Americas became dependent on plantations with coerced labor, the economy elsewhere continued to depend on _________ labor, which was the work of skilled craftspeople who produced goods by hand
Artisanal
4 types of innovative ship designs enabled more distant European explorations. Name 3
Caravel, Carrack, Fluyt, Galleon
Name the Japanese Shogunate that expelled and persecuted Christians to limit foreign influence
Tokugawa
The discovery of Silver deposits in ________, Bolivia, changed the global silver trade flow patterns, leading to a long-term shift in the balance of trade between Europe and Asia.
Potosi
In the Spanish Colonies, the predominant racial and social hierarchy of the Casta system, which held elite status for people of European ancestry, which 2 groups held the most economic and political power?
Peninsulares & Creoles
Name the Spanish labor system where colonists were granted the right to demand tribute and forced labor from Indigenous people, who were theoretically to be protected and converted to Christianity in return
Encomienda
While Europeans were able to conquer extensive territory in the Americas, they were unable to challenge powerful states in Eurasia. Name 2 of these powerful empires
Ottoman, Mughal, Ming/Qing
Name 3 environmental effects of the Columbian Exchange
Disease, Soil depletion, Deforestation, Invasive Species
A major contributing factor to the establishment of Trading Post Empires was Europeans desire for direct access to luxury goods. Name 3 luxury goods they were seeking in the Indian Ocean Trade Networks
Ivory, Silk, Porcelain, Spices
Which country discovered & exploited silver deposits in the Americas and thus experienced an influx of silver, which they then used to buy luxury goods from Asia. Thus forming the first truly global trade network, connecting the Americas to Asia for the first time
Spain
In addition to challenges to imperial power, there was mounting resistance to slavery, including slave rebellions and _________, which were communities established by escaped enslaved Africans (especially in South America and the Caribbean) who fled, formed their own independent settlements in remote areas, and defended those settlements
Maroon Societies
Name the 3 types of coerced labor that colonial economies were dependent on
Slavery, Indentured Servitude, Encomienda (Mita), & Hacienda
Name the group of Russian Elites that were able to resist the Tsar's attempts at state centralization, establish an administrative state within the Russian Empire, and maintain local autonomy/leadership
Cossacks
In addition to weapons technology, the Europeans had the advantage of immunities, whereas Indigenous Americans' long isolation prevented them from developing immunities to Afro-Eurasian diseases, resulting in massive population loss. Name 4 of these diseases
Smallpox, Measles, Influenza, Chickenpox, Malaria, Cholera, Whooping Cough
While European empire building in Asia primarily focused on dominating trade, in the Americas it involved _________&__________
Conquest & Colonization
The introduction of European resource extraction practices led to dramatic environmental effects. Name 3
Deforestation, Soil Depletion, Invasive Species, Overgrazing
New political and economic elite emerged after the European conquest of the Americas in a system know as the Casta. Name the levels of this system from top elites to bottom subservient
Peninsulares-->Creoles-->Mestizos-->Mulatos-->Native Americans-->Slaves
Name 2 African Kingdoms on the west coast of Africa that had strong governments who participated Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade by capturing people from the interior of Africa and selling them to Europeans at the coast
Asanti & Kongo
The pattern of trade in the Atlantic was called Triangular Trade. The 3 areas involved in Triangular Trade were Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Identify what was primarily exporting & what they were primarily importing
Europe: Importing Raw Materials, Exported manufactured goods
Africa: Importing manufactured goods, Exporting slaves
Americas: Importing slaves & manufactured goods, exporting raw materials.