The Enlightenment
What intellectual movement emphasized reason, rationality, and the pursuit of knowledge in the 17th and 18th centuries?
The Enlightenment
What major ideas influenced revolutions during this period?
Natural Rights, Social Contract, Growing Nationalism
What is the process by which a region transforms from an agricultural economy to one that manufactures goods using machinery?
Industrialization
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin in the late 18th century?
Britain
What two periods of industrialization are historians referring to when they describe changes in production during the Industrial Revolution?
First Industrial Revolution
Second Industrial Revolution
Who was the Ottoman Albanian ruler of Egypt who attempted to foster industrialization between 1812 and 1840?
Muhammad Ali
What economic system emphasized heavy government intervention and accumulation of wealth by the state?
Mercantilism
What political document written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 criticized capitalism and class inequality?
Communist Manifesto
What approach to knowledge did Francis Bacon promote?
Empirical observation and inductive reasoning
What political ideas emerged after revolutions created new governments?
New Nation-States
Democracy and Liberalism
What production system existed in Britain before the Industrial Revolution where work was manual and done in homes or small workshops?
Cottage industry model
Which European countries first experienced the spread of industrialization from Britain?
France
Belgium
Germany
What fossil fuel kicked off the fossil fuels revolution by making steam powered machines possible?
Coal
What industry did Muhammad Ali focus heavily on while attempting to industrialize Egypt?
Textile industry
What economic idea promoted by Adam Smith supports free markets and minimal government interference?
Laissez-faire capitalism
What two social classes did Marx and Engels argue were created by capitalism?
Proletariat
Bourgeoisie
What method did René Descartes use to find certain knowledge?
Doubt everything then use reason to arrive at a conclusion
What event symbolized the beginning of the people's revolt in France?
The Storming of the Bastille
What natural resources helped power Britain’s industries during the Industrial Revolution?
Coal
Iron ore
Timber
Who brought British textile production technology to the United States and designed the first textile mills?
Samuel Slater
What new industry began after the first commercial oil well was set up in 1859 in Pennsylvania by Edwin Drake?
Oil industry
What treaty ended Japan’s isolation and opened Japanese ports to American ships?
Treaty of Kanagawa
What business structure limits shareholders' liability to the amount of their investment?
Limited liability corporation (LLC)
What organizations formed to push for workers’ rights and improved working conditions?
Labor unions
According to Thomas Hobbes, what would life be like without political authority?
“Nasty, brutish, and short.”
Who became the dominant leader during the Haitian Revolution in 1794?
Toussaint L'Ouverture
What agricultural innovations increased productivity during the early Industrial Revolution?
Crop rotation
Seed drill
What manufacturing innovation developed by Eli Whitney became the foundation of the assembly line?
Interchangeable parts
What invention by Karl Benz helped lead to the development of personal automobiles?
Internal combustion engine
What major political change occurred in Japan in 1868 that began rapid modernization and industrialization?
Tokugawa Shogunate was abolished
What financial institution allows companies to sell shares to raise capital and investors to trade shares?
Stock exchanges
What reform movement in the Ottoman Empire sought to modernize education, the military, and government systems?
Tanzimat reforms
According to John Locke, what natural rights do individuals have?
Life, Liberty, and Property
What phrase from the Declaration of Independence describes natural rights?
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
What legal and economic factor encouraged investment and innovation in Britain before industrialization?
Protection of private property rights
What treaty ended Japan’s isolation and helped lead to the Meiji Restoration and industrialization?
Treaty of Kanagawa
What technologies made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally and increased trade and migration?
Railroads
Steamships
Telegraph
What were two major effects of Japan’s economic policies during the Meiji Era?
Move from a feudal agrarian society to an industrialized nation
Emergence as a major world power
What broader economic system emerged from industrialization and private ownership of the means of production?
Industrial capitalism
What reform movement in Qing China aimed to modernize the military and industry after the Opium Wars?
Self-Strengthening Movement