Reform Movements and Modernization
This series of Ottoman reforms (1839-1876) attempted to modernize the empire through legal, military, and administrative changes.
What is the Tanzimat?
These agricultural products grown primarily for sale and export rather than local consumption drove colonial economies.
What are cash crops?
This British colony in West Africa, centered on present-day Ghana, became a major source of gold and cocoa exports.
What is the Gold Coast?
These overcrowded, poorly maintained urban apartment buildings housed industrial workers and immigrants in major cities.
What are tenements?
These worker organizations formed to collectively bargain for better wages, working conditions, and rights during the Industrial Revolution.
What are labor unions?
This massive uprising (1850-1864) against the Qing Dynasty was led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be Jesus's younger brother.
What is the Taiping Rebellion?
These economies were structured to export raw materials and agricultural products to industrialized nations rather than develop domestic industries.
What are export economies?
This 1842 agreement ended the First Opium War, ceded Hong Kong to Britain, and opened Chinese ports to foreign trade.
What is the Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing)?
These concentrated neighborhoods where immigrant groups maintained their cultural identity and supported newcomers became common in industrial cities.
What are ethnic enclaves?
This Mexican dictator (r. 1876-1911) modernized infrastructure but concentrated wealth and power, leading to the Mexican Revolution.
Who is Porfirio Díaz?
This brief 1898 Chinese reform period attempted radical modernization before conservative forces crushed it.
What is the Hundred Days of Reform?
This derogatory term describes Central American nations whose economies were dominated by foreign fruit companies and political instability.
What are Banana Republics?
hese autonomous religious communities in the Ottoman Empire governed their own affairs under their own laws and leaders.
What are millets?
hese migrants from Ulster moved in large numbers to North America, especially Appalachia, bringing distinctive cultural traditions.
Who are the Scots-Irish?
This Egyptian ruler (r. 1805-1848) modernized the military, economy, and infrastructure while expanding Egyptian power.
Who is Muhammad Ali?
his Chinese reform effort (1861-1895) sought to adopt Western military technology while preserving Confucian values.
What is the Self-Strengthening Movement?
This South African mining corporation, founded by Cecil Rhodes in 1888, monopolized diamond production and extraction.
What is the De Beers Mining Company?
This derogatory term describes Central American nations whose economies were dominated by foreign fruit companies and political instability.
What are Banana Republics?
This series of restrictive immigration laws, beginning in 1901, sought to maintain Australia as a predominantly white, British society.
What is the White Australia Policy?
This South African system of racial segregation and discrimination legally enforced white minority rule from 1948-1994.
What is apartheid?
This 1868 Japanese proclamation outlined five articles that set the framework for modernization and the end of feudalism.
What is the Charter Oath?
This British company established in 1600 controlled trade and eventually governed large parts of India until 1858.
What is the Dutch East India Company? (Note: Should be British/English East India Company if referring to India)
his South African mining corporation, founded by Cecil Rhodes in 1888, monopolized diamond production and extraction.
What is the De Beers Mining Company?
This American organization founded in 1816 sought to relocate free Black Americans to Africa, establishing Liberia.
What is the Colonization Society?
This German philosopher and economist authored "Das Kapital" and developed the theory of historical materialism and class struggle.
Who is Karl Marx?