Miscellaneous
What is...
- diverging
- converging
- reverberating
- parallel
Intercranial pressure in the skull
What is...
- fluid pulls on the side of the skull, reducing the amount of space in the cavity
The four ventricles are...
What is...
- 3rd ventricle
- 4th ventricle and 2 lateral ventricles (both lined with choroid plexus)
Contains the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers involved in regulating respiratory rhythm
What is pons?
Governs the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system. Site of regulating of water balance and body temperature.
What is the hypothalamus?
The neural tube is derived from ....... and makes up three things
What is...
- the ectoderm, which makes up the:
- forebrain
- midbrain
- hindbrain
Meningitis is...
What is...
- inflammation of tissue
- symptoms, including severe headache, difficulty talking, sensitivity to light
- localized (bacterial)
a. Voluntary movements, smell, mood, planning, and social judgment
b. sight
c. receives and integrates sensory information
d. listening, smell, memory, learning, behavior
a. frontal lobe
b. occipital lobe
c. parietal lobe
d. temporal lobe
Responsible for regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements.
What is the cerebellum?
Gray matter distributed thorughout the brain stem that is essential for life.
What is reticular formation?
Composition of cerebral white matter
What is...
- tracts: myelinated axons of neurons into/out of thalamus from the cerebrum or sensor
- nuclei: concentrations of gray matter of neurons of a particular function
- association fibers: neurons within hemisphere connecting gyri, one region to another
- projection fibers: connect cerebrum to lower areas
Multiple Sclerosis is...
What is...
- lesions of microglia and astrocytes
- a condition that starts in the brain
- affecting women more than men
- starting around age 20
- treated by steroids and beta interferons
Process of synaptic transmission
What is...
1. action potential arrives at axon terminal
2. calcium channels release calcium from high to low concentration
3. calcium allows for vesicles to release a neurotransmitter to synaptic cleft
4. synaptic potential
What is the thalamus?
Contains the pineal gland.
What is the epithalamus?
Functions of reticular formation/reticular activating system
What is...
- integration of general sensory tracts except olfaction from the eyes, ears, cerebellum to spinal cord
- tracts through thalamus
- projections to appropriate areas of cerebrum
- regulate balance and posture, sleep and conscious attention
Hematomas in the brain
What is...
- epidural: between dural and bone
- subdural: space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
- subarachnoid: between pia and arachnoid
Includes specialized tight junctions that exclude non-lipid soluble molecules from the brain.
What is the blood-brain barrier?
Contains autonomic centers that regulate blood pressure and respiratory rhythm, as well as coughing and sneezing centers.
What is the medulla oblongata?
a. An elevated ridge
b. Composed of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
c. Composed of myelinated fibers, which provide for communication between different parts of the brain as well as with lower CNS centers.
What is...
a. gyrus
b. gray matter
c. white matter
Glymphatic system is...
What is...
- CSF around arteries filtered into the interstitial fluid (ISF) via pulsations and aquaporin 4
- ISF flows over cells, removes waste
- drains into CSF space around veins
- increases drainage during sleep
Hydrocephaly is...
What is...
- fluid in the brain
- a condition that can develop in babies where plates of skull expand as sutures haven't assified
- also in adults where plates have ossified and can create noticable pressure in the skull, more specifically pain receptors in the surrounding tissue rather than the cerebral tissue translates the signal
The innermost layer of the dura mater that forms the true external brain covering.
What is the meningeal layer?
Governs visual reflex (tracking) and auditory relays (startle reflex).
What is the midbrain?
a. Has a thicker corpus callosum = greater communi between the left (categorical) and right (representational) hemispheres of the brain
b. Crossing over due to integration and prevents one side from working independently from the other side
a. lateralization
b. decassation