Unit 1
What are 2 primary causes of anemia?
Decreased amount of hemoglobin (Eg. iron-deficiency anemia) & abnormal structure (Eg. sickle cell disease)
What is the difference between acquired and innate immunity?
Innate - non-specific, same response to all pathogens.
Acquired - specific, individual response based on unique antigens.
To increase GFR, the afferent arteriole _______, & the efferent arteriole_________.
Dilates, constricts
What does pancreatic amylase breakdown?
Carbohydrates
In a hypernatremic solution, what would happen to the cells?
Cell crenation- too salty in the ECF
List the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle.
Ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation.
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
Regulation of interstitial fluid, absorption of fats from GI tract, immunity - transport of lymph.
List the 3 pressures that make up net filtration pressure.
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, & capsular hydrostatic pressure.
Describe the difference between micelles & chylomicrons.
Micelles are made up of bile salts to help transport monoglycerides. Chylomicrons are made up of phospholipids to help transport triglycerides.
What moves out of the descending limb?
Water via aquaporins
List the 5 steps of hemostasis.
Vascular spasm, formation of platelet plug, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis.
Explain why, despite his best efforts to stay home a second week after letting his friend with a cold sneeze on him, Gerald did not get as sick the second time.
Secondary immune response is faster and more powerful… memory cells
What is incontinence?
A lack of control of the bladder muscles, leading to involuntary release of urine & feces. Common in women who have undergone vaginal birth, babies & young children with underdeveloped sensory pathways, older adults.
Describe the anatomy of a sperm.
Head with the acrosome and DNA, midpiece with mitochondria for energy, tail.
How does emphysema affect patients?
Less alveoli, less structure so overfills and hard to exhale. Obstructive and restrictive disorder, bronchioles collapse with exhalation.
How do you calculate cardiac output?
CO=HRxSV (SV=EDV-ESV)
Describe the relationship between diameter and resistance.
As the diameter of a vessel increases, the resistance decreases.
What are 3 ways the body compensates for acidosis?
Increasing respiratory rate & depth, increasing bicarbonate reabsorption, increasing H+ secretion into urine.
How do birth control pills work to prevent pregnancy?
They contain estrogen & progesterone to inhibit LH & FSH & prevent ovulation.
Why is calcium important to maintain our heartbeat?
Calcium prolongs the refractory period (maximal contraction each beat, addition regulation of contraction strength, prevents tetany, allows cardiomyocytes to relax and refill)
List 2 factors that can affect peripheral resistance in blood vessels
Vessel diameter, viscosity, vessel length, obstructions.
How is transporting oxygen different from transporting carbon dioxide?
Oxygen attaches to the iron on the heme group within hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide travels on the peptide chains of hemoglobin. CO2 is extremely soluble compared to oxygen so can more easily travel through the blood.
List 3 mechanisms of how angiotensin II increases blood pressure.
Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels
reabsorption of Na+ & Cl- from the proximal tubule & H2O follows
promoting aldosterone release so Na+ & H2O reabsorption increases
stimulating the thirst center in the hypothalamus, which can help increase fluid intake.
List the functions of goblet cells, parietal cells, chief cells, & DNES cells.
Goblet cells secrete mucus for the stomach wall.
Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid to break down food.
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen -> pepsin that helps breakdown protein.
DNES cells secrete gastrin & histamine to activate parietal & chief cells.
Draw 3 ways in which complement aids the immune system.
Cell lysis, activate basophils, neutralize viruses, opsonization (enhanced phagocytosis), and clear immune complexes.