Anatomy
The area at the back of the nasal cavity and oral cavity and before entering the trachea to lungs or esophagus to stomach
Pharynx
The tubular passageway for air from just below the larynx to the lungs
Trachea
Where does the exchange of gases between the air and blood take place?
Alveoli
What is the disadvantage of having a Eustachian tube?
Chronic blockage- otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear- can lead to hearing loss)
What determines which blood group a person has?
Antigen(s) on surface of RBCs
Thyroid cartilage supports and protects the vocal cords
What determines whether something in the pharynx goes into the esophagus or into the trachea?
The epiglottis
How does oxygen move into and carbon dioxide move out of the blood in the alveoli?
Simple diffusion across the respiratory membrane. Partial pressure of oxygen is high inside the alveoli and low in the blood of pulmonary capillaries (vice versa for carbon dioxide).
What is a tracheotomy?
Surgical opening of the trachea. Done to allow air to reach lungs when larynx is crushed or something is lodged in the respiratory channels.
Which blood group is the universal recipient? Universal donor? Why?
Recipient- AB positive (no antibodies and RH+)
Donor- O negative (no antigens and RH-)
The single, larger cartilage where the left and right primary bronchi fork
Carina
How many lobes does the right lobe have? What about the left lobe? Why?
Right-3, Left-2, because the heart is on the left side.
During restful, quiet breathing, exhalation is usually a passive process accomplished by what?
Muscle relaxation
What is the difference between a pneumothorax and a hemothorax?
Pneumothorax- air in pleural cavity
Hemothorax- blood in pleural cavity
Can Group A safely give blood to Group AB? Why or why not?
Yes, because Group AB has the A antigen (no anti-A antibodies)
What supplies air to the microscopic alveolar sacs?
Bronchioles. Airway contriction/dilation is most significant here and can dramatically increase/decrease resistance to airflow.
What is the function of the serous fluid secreted by the pleural membranes?
Pleural fluid:
1. Lubricates between the lung surfaces and thoracic wall
2. Provides surface tension to hold the lungs against the thoracic wall
What happens when the diaphragm contracts? What about when it relaxes?
Contracts- inspiration (diaphragm moves downward, increasing size of thoracic cavity)
Relaxes- expiration (diaphram raises upward, decreasing size of thoracic cavity)
What function to cilia have in the lungs?
Can Group AB safely give blood to Group O? Why or why not?
No, because Group O has Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies (no antigens)
What is the function of the Eustachian tube (aka auditory tube, pharyngotympanic tube)?
To equalize pressure in the middle ear with external air pressure. It is normally flattened and closed, and opens when swallowing/yawning.
Which muscles are involved in vigorous, extra deep inhalations? Which muscles are used for forceful exhalation?
Deep inhalation- external intercostals
Forceful exhalation- internal intercostals
What does Henry's Law explain? What does Boyle's Law explain?
Henry's Law- the movement of gas molecules from a liquid to a gas or from a gas to a liquid
Boyle's Law- Why/how air moves in and out of the lungs in response to contraction/relaxation
Inhaled foreign objects usually end up lodged in the right main stem bronchus (not the left), why?
Because the heart is on the left side, so the left bronchus is curved and objects don't enter as easily. The right bronchus goes straight down, so object can enter more easily.
If the mother is type RH- and the fetus is type RH+, is there a likelihood of erythroblastosis fetalis?
Yes