Blood
Function of blood (list 3 things)
transportation of nutrients
transportation of gases
transportation of hormones
Order of propagation (travel) of a cardiac action potential through the conduction system
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
These vessels carry most of the blood in the body at rest
Veins
List physical barriers of our first line of defense
mucous
lysozyme
unsaturated fatty acids in sebum
gastric juice
Formula for cardiac output (CO)
CO = HR x SV
Megakaryocytes give rise to what
Platelets
Name the 2 semilunar valves
pulmonary valve and aortic valve
Role of a capillary
Gas exchange, nutrient exchange, fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
Differentiate between T and B cells
T cells - cells of the adaptive immune system - directly attack pathogens
B cells - cells of the adaptive immune system - secrete antibodies
it drains the left head and neck as well as the lower extremities
List granulocytes vs agranulocytes
granulocytes = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranulocytes = lymphocytes, monocytes
Wave on ECG that corresponds to ventricular repolarization
T wave
Connects the fetal pulmonary trunk to the aorta
What helps propel lymphatic fluid through lymphatic channels to the venous system?
valves - prevent backwards movement of lymph
skeletal muscle pumps - push lymph through lymphatic vessels
respiratory pump - pushes lymph through lymphatic vessels
List 4 main types of antimicrobial substances
interferons, complement system, iron-binding proteins, antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)
Role of hemoglobin
protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
4 oxygen molecules bind to each molecule of hemoglobin
Flow of blood through the heart - including the valves
From the body into the IVC, SVC or cardiac sinus (from the heart) into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk and lungs back into the heart - left atrium. Through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. Through the aortic valve into the aorta and then the rest of the body
Factors affecting vascular resistance
1. size of the lumen
2. blood viscosity
3. total blood vessel length in the body (body size)
Antibody involved in allergic reactions
IgE
3 basic stages of inflammation
1. vasodilation
2. emigration
3. tissue repair
The heme molecules from hemoglobin give rise to what?
Bilirubin
Explain isovolumetric contraction and relaxation
During ventricular systole, there is a brief period when the ventricle is contracting, but no valves are open, therefore no blood is entering or leaving the ventricle = isovolumetric contraction
Give 2 formulas that depict MAP
MAP = diastolic BP + 1/3 (systolic BP - diastolic BP)
MAP = CO x R
What are MHC molecules
•The proteins that are used as cell-markers to “flag” self from non-self are called MHC molecules, and are coded for by a group of genes called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
MHC genes are diverse, and vary greatly from individual to individual.
vThere are two general classes of MHC molecules that are found on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body.
•Class I molecules (MHC-I) are built into almost all body cells (except RBC’s) and are used to let cytotoxic T cells know that the cell has been invaded by bacteria or viruses.
•Class II molecules (MHC-II) are only found only on APCs.
Differentiate between natural, active, and passive immunity
•“Natural Immunity” is not gained through the tools of modern medicine, whereas ”Artificial Immunity” is.
•Active Immunity refers to the body’s response to make antibody after exposure to a pathogen (antigen).
•In Passive Immunity, the body simply receives antibodies that have been preformed.
Active immunity is long-term; passive is short-term.