The nature of the Apartheid system
What was the name of the racial segregation policy in South Africa from 1948 to 1994?
Apartheid
What was the name of the African political party that resisted Apartheid?
ANC (African National Congress)
Which organisation was the most responsible for enforcing Apartheid laws?
The South African Police Force
In what year was Nelson Mandela released from prison?
1990
Which 1976 event became a symbol of youth resistance against Apartheid?
Soweto Uprising
Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa when Apartheid was formally introduced in 1948?
Daniel Malan
Who was the key leader of the ANC imprisoned for 27 years?
Nelson Mandela
Which 1960 event resulted in international condemnation of the Apartheid regime?
The Sharpeville Massacre
Who was the last President of Apartheid South Africa?
F.W. de Klerk.
What is the term for the segregated areas where black South Africans were forced to live under Apartheid?
Townships.
Describe one key law that helped enforce Apartheid.
(Possible answer): The Population Registration Act classified South Africans into racial groups, enforcing strict separation.
How did the Defiance Campaign in 1952 challenge Apartheid laws?
It involved mass non-violent resistance, where activists deliberately violated Apartheid laws, drawing attention to their injustice.
Describe how the government used pass laws to control the movement of black South Africans.
(Possible answer): Pass laws required black South Africans to carry documents to justify their presence in white areas, restricting their freedom of movement.
How did international sanctions contribute to the end of Apartheid?
(Possible answer): Sanctions economically pressured South Africa, isolating its trade and increasing internal dissent against the government.
How did sports boycotts impact the South African government during Apartheid?
Sports boycotts, particularly in rugby and cricket, humiliated the regime, denying it international legitimacy and isolating it further.
Explain the purpose of the Group Areas Act.
The Group Areas Act segregated residential areas by race, often forcibly removing people from their homes.
Explain the role of the United Democratic Front (UDF) in resisting Apartheid during the 1980s.
The UDF organized grassroots resistance against Apartheid by uniting various anti-Apartheid groups, leading to widespread protests and civil disobedience.
Explain the role of the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act in enforcing Apartheid.
The Act assigned black South Africans to “homelands” or Bantustans, stripping them of South African citizenship and rights, reinforcing racial separation.
Describe the role of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) in ending Apartheid.
CODESA negotiations between the government and anti-Apartheid groups paved the way for a new democratic constitution and multi-racial elections.
Describe the role of Steve Biko in the Black Consciousness Movement.
Biko promoted pride and empowerment among black South Africans, encouraging resistance and self-reliance, and was killed by police in 1977, becoming a martyr for the movement.
Analyse the economic impact of the Apartheid system on non-white South Africans.
Apartheid enforced racial labor discrimination, ensuring black South Africans were relegated to low-wage jobs, which sustained poverty and economic inequality across generations.
How important were internal resistance movements like the ANC and UDF in pressuring the South African government to dismantle Apartheid?
Internal resistance played a crucial role by coordinating strikes, protests, and civil disobedience campaigns, weakening the government's control and garnering international attention, though their impact was limited until external pressures intensified.
What was the impact of state repression on the growth of international opposition to the Apartheid regime?
Repression, such as the Sharpeville Massacre and reaction to the Soweto Uprising, sparked global outrage, leading to sanctions, boycotts, and condemnation from the UN, which isolated the regime diplomatically and economically.
Assess the role of F.W. de Klerk’s leadership in the dismantling of Apartheid.
(Possible answer): De Klerk initiated crucial reforms, including the unbanning of the ANC, releasing political prisoners, and negotiating with anti-Apartheid leaders, showing a pragmatic shift that facilitated a peaceful transition, though some argue his actions were forced by mounting pressure.
How did the influence of global movements and leaders, such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Gandhi, impact the strategies of anti-Apartheid activists?
Anti-Apartheid leaders, like Nelson Mandela, adopted non-violent resistance and civil disobedience inspired by Gandhi and King, though Mandela later embraced armed struggle, showing the complexity of their influence amidst the increasing brutality of the regime.