Survey
Define apartheid
Separation of races
Segregation but specifically racial
Name the paramilitary wings of both the ANC and PAC
Umkhonto we Sizwe / Spear of Nation (ANC)
Poqo (PAC)
Name 2 laws that oppressed Africans socially
Prohibition of mixed marriages = interracial relationships
Immorality Act= interracial relationships
Separation of Amenities = access to resources
Etc
Name the 2 Afrikaner South African Prime Ministers at the end of Apartheid 80-90s
PW Botha - hard-line for apartheid
FW de Klerk - progressive, released Mandela, helped end apartheid
Which law created the bantustans
Bantu Self Determination Act 1959
Give 2 features of Afrikaner ideology that influenced apartheid
Eg
- Christian nationalism justified racism as biblical- separation of races s Gods Will
- idea of multi nationalism by encouraging Separate Development and self determination eg bantustans
- belief in racial superiority- whites culturally and biologically superior
- fear of black majority rule if democracy happened
- Belief in need to preserve Afrikaner culture and language by separating races, prevent 'mixing" and forcing Afrikaner centred education abd language.
- economic preservation of Afrikaner workers and farmers by thwarting African advancement
Name two ways the ANC shifted its resistance strategy after being banned in 1960.
- going underground
- forming Umhonto and violent resistance after sharpeville
Name three methods the apartheid security forces used to suppress opposition in the 1970s and 1980s.
Detention without trial
Banning orders eg of groups and individuals
Torture eg Steve Biko
Violent crowd control eg Sharpeville and Soweto
Identify three problems or barriers South Africa faced when transitioning from apartheid to a democratic system in the early 1990s
Deep racial and social divisions between communities. Eg Inkatha Zulus is ANC Eg. Black communities is appointed black councilmen 'puppets'.
Economic inequality and poverty, especially among black South Africans. Difficulty in how to address it. It wasn't solved even under Mandelas presidency.
Threats of political violence or resistance from hardline groups opposed to change. Dg Inkatha Zulu and the AWB white supremacist brotherhood.
What slogan became a global campaign and symbol of the anti apartheid movement
Free Mandela
With examples distinguish the two types of apartheid
Petty eg everyday life at micro level
Grand eg systemic and macro level
Biko's Black Consciousness movement encouraged Africans to do what in order to resist Afrikaner oppression
- not rely on white support and allies. Only blacks were truly committed and determined >> building self reliance as a cultural group ie not relying on white support and white systems like ANC did
- uilding unity amongst black Africans
- building pride in black culture and heritage
-
How was the bantustan system central to controlling the African population
it fragmented black communities and families across disparate homelands/ dodgy classification and assignments by the white people
denied them South African citizenship
limited access to resources as they weren't recognised as citizens of south africa but of their bantustan (UN did NOT agree)
justified white minority rule
Outline three methods international community used to try to force South Africa to end apartheid
Economic sanctions eg Euro Market refused to buy sell fruit
Arms embargoes.
Cultural boycotts : sporting boycotts of Springboks rugby team in Aus and NZ, Olympics bans and Commonwealth Games bans. Other cultural boycotts included entertainment boycotts as collective of Western musicians refused to tour SA until they ended apartheid. Inc John Paul Young from Australia who was really popular in SA especially with his hit I Hate The Music.
UN condemnations eg 1960 first condemns apartheid after Sharpeville, 1962 UN GA calls for economic and diplomatic sanctions. 1963 UN SecCoun calls on non sale of arms to SA (was a voluntary one) 1973 UN declares apartheid a crime against humanity. 1976 Soweto condemnations. 1977Resolution 418 a mandatory arms embargoes on SA. 1985 Resolution 569 - calls for release of political prisoners inc Mandela
Who Am I
Prime Minister 1978 to 1984
State President from 1984 to 1989.
I resisted calls for full democratic change.
I implemented the “Total Strategy” to maintain apartheid and suppress opposition.
I introduced limited constitutional reforms, creating the tricameral parliament but excluded black population.
PW Botha
Under apartheid, many rural families faced declining living standards because men were forced to migrate here for work, leaving villages without stable labour
Explain why Nelson Mandela and the ANC saw armed struggle as necessary in the 1960s, and how it contrasted with earlier methods of protest
peaceful protest had been met with violence and repression (e.g., Sharpeville), so armed struggle was seen as the only remaining option compared to earlier boycotts, strikes, and demonstrations
How did SAs repression extend into neighbouring nations
South Africa launched military raids into neighboring states (Angola, Mozambique, Botswana, Lesotho, Zimbabwe) to target ANC and PAC bases
The OAU and frontline states provided sanctuary and support to liberation groups like ANC rebels in exile fracturing SA foreign relations
Under Botha's Total Strategy their aim was to create unrest in neighbouring countries by creating or encouraging civil wars - destabilise these countries so they cant hurt SA
How did economic sanctions push SA towards ending apartheid.
- recession
- rising unemployment
- sanctions.
- divestment.
SA going broke. Affexting Afrikaner life abd prospertity
Explain the role of Nelson Mandela in the struggle against apartheid.
Leader of the ANC and Umkhonto we Sizwe, guiding anti-apartheid strategies.
Advocated armed struggle when peaceful protest failed. After 1960 sharpeville massacre
Legal work: Used his skills as a lawyer to defend activists and challenge apartheid laws.
ANC leadership: Headed the ANC and its armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe, guiding anti-apartheid strategies.
advocated armed struggle after 1960 Sharpeville massacre
Exile and international work: Advocated for the ANC abroad, building support, arms, and funding.
Political speaking abilities: Inspired people through speeches and writings especially his well known Rivonia speech, becoming a symbol of resistance during his imprisonment and Banning
Symbolic impact: Imprisonment amplified his influence, inspired global campaigns like Free Mandela.
Became a symbol for Black Consciousness youth and ANC PAC groups despite banned, and propelled international demand for his release
Explain how apartheid policies created demographic issues by 1960
1. Segregation and discrimination leading to non participation of the African demographic in government eg voting and representation.
2. 1950 Group Areas Act. Uprooted most Africans from families neighbours communities to forced migration to 'homelands' - displacement.
3. Pass laws criminalised freedom of movement and increased harassment and arrests of Africans.
4. Bantu Education Act - segregated schools - Africans in inferior facilities eith limited low skill curriculum. Designed to inhibit and limit African socio-economic mobility.
5. Economic exploitation of african workers- low wages, unskilled, unfair conditions- persisted as unions banned
6. Urban poverty and over crowding - strains resources
7. Social fragmentation by intended destabilisation to prevent their unity and resistance the via forced removal, pass laws, migrant labour
how the Rivonia Trial both weakened the ANC in the short term and strengthened the anti-apartheid struggle in the long term
while the ANC lost its main leadership and the armed struggle slowed, the trial turned Mandela and others into global symbols, fueling international solidarity, strengthening underground and youth-led activism, and paving the way for new movements like Black Consciousness.
How did the governments repressive methods actually strengthen resistance against it
Banning of individuals / life imprisonment eg Mandela created redistance heroes and icons propelling Free Mandela globally
police brutality and torture created martyrs like Biko
methods radicalised youth eg first the Black Consciousness youth leading to Soweto, then the Soweto massacre leading to reinforcements of ANC trainees in exile
Repressive acts sych as death of Biko and the massacres at Sharpeville and Soweto caught international attention sparking global movements and eventually boycotts
Convince me that the Free Mandela movement was vital for the ending of apartheid
Mass support = It involved mass protests, rallies, petitions, and campaigns both inside South Africa and internationally.
Involved wide social systems and groups = galvanising opposition = Student groups, trade unions, churches, anti-apartheid organisations, and governments were involved.
It led to divestment campaigns which economically crippled SA
It led to popular western calls to boycotts all things SA inc sport, music concerts, Olympics
It heroised Mandela - a labelled terrorist - undermining SA Gov position and created a new figurehead and leader for SA resistance.
it propelled the calls to release political prisoners ie the very activists who were troublesome for the gov - calls also came from UN
Soft power forced hard power points to act. Ie countries in the UN were compelled in the 80s
The movement kept global attention on Mandela’s imprisonment and pressured the apartheid government to consider negotiations.
Who Am I
founding member of the African National Congress Youth League.
I spent decades in exile
i traveled overseas to gain support for the ANC and the anti-apartheid struggle.
I Secured arms, funding, and diplomatic recognition for the ANC
i promoted global sanctions against the apartheid regime.
ANC President from 1967 to 1991
Oliver Tambo