Sophiatown
In which city was Sophiatown located?
Johannesburg
What were the three main racial groups living in Durban?
Indian, African and white
In which city was District Six located?
Cape Town
What was the time limit Africans could stay in an urban area once their permit expired?
70 hours
What year was the Bantu Authorities Act passed?
1951
By what year was Sophiatown largely demolished?
By 1956
What was the name of the area where Indians owned land and rented to Africans?
Cato Manor
What type of community lived there (racial mix)?
A multi-racial, largely Coloured community with African, Indian and some white residents
How did the pass laws help the National Party control African labour?
They limited African movement to cities, keeping workers tied to low-paid jobs and rural reserves
Who governed the reserves under this act?
Government-approved tribal chiefs
How did white residents help see Sophiatown's destruction?
They had complained about the settlement.
What happened in 1949, giving the National Party a justification for the destruction of Cato Manor?
Riots by Africans against the Indian population
When was the Group Areas Act enforced in District Six?
From 1966
Why was it so hard for Africans to obey the pass laws?
The rules were extremely complex; small errors or missing documents could lead to arrest, and policing was aggressive
What happened to chiefs who refused to cooperate?
They could be removed or replaced by the government
Around how many people lived in Sophiatown before its destruction?
60,000 people
By 1965, what had happened to most people living in Cato Manor?
They were forcibly removed under the Group Areas Act — Africans sent to far-flung townships, and Indians moved to an Indian zone south of the city
About how many people were removed from District Six?
Around 60,000
What problem did the pass-law system create for South Africa’s magistrates’ courts?
Courts were overwhelmed with pass cases
How did the act affect Africans’ right to live in white South Africa?
It treated Africans as “foreigners” whose permanent home was in the tribal reserves
Give 2 details that meant Sophiatown was a target for the National Party.
Presence of shebeens (illegal bars), tsotsis (youthful street criminals) and gangsters.
Roughly how many arrests for pass violations occurred in the early 1950s?
About 968,000 arrests