Apartheid System
What does “apartheid” mean?
Separateness
Which organisation led resistance from 1912 onward?
ANC
What was the Commonwealth’s stance on apartheid?
Condemned it; South Africa left in 1961
Who became president in 1989 and began reforms?
F.W. de Klerk
Who was leader of the PAC?
Robert Sobukwe
Name one apartheid law.
Pass Laws, Group Areas Act, Bantu Education Act
What was Umkhonto we Sizwe?
ANC’s armed wing, founded 1961
Which global movement pushed sports boycotts?
Anti-Apartheid Movement
What year was Mandela released from prison?
1990
Which black consciousness leader died in police custody in 1977?
Steve Biko
How did apartheid restrict political rights?
Africans denied vote, segregation entrenched
What happened at Sharpeville in 1960?
Police killed 69 protestors; turning point
How did the UN respond?
Condemned apartheid; imposed arms embargo 1977
What negotiations ended apartheid?
CODESA talks (1991–93)
Legacy of Nelson Mandela?
Symbol of resistance, reconciliatory leadership, 1st black president
Role of police/security in enforcing apartheid?
Sharpeville massacre, detentions without trial, torture
Role of Soweto Uprising (1976)?
Youth revolt against Afrikaans in schools; hundreds killed; global outrage
What role did economic sanctions play?
Damaged economy, pressured regime in 1980s
What year was the first democratic election?
1994
Role of Desmond Tutu?
Advocated non-violence, global campaigns, Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Assess how apartheid affected daily life for black South Africans.
Restricted movement, inferior education, forced removals, economic inequality
Evaluate the effectiveness of violent vs non-violent resistance.
Both key; non-violent (boycotts, protests) + violent struggle + international pressure
Assess the role of international pressure in ending apartheid.
Critical combined with internal resistance; sanctions + boycotts delegitimised regime
Assess why apartheid collapsed.
Internal resistance, economic crisis, international isolation, leadership of Mandela/de Klerk
Evaluate the successes and limits of post-apartheid South Africa.
Democracy achieved, but challenges in inequality, unemployment, corruption