Origins of Apartheid
This 1948 political party victory formally introduced apartheid.
What is the National Party?
This 1913 act restricted African land ownership to designated areas.
What is the Natives Land Act?
Founded in 1912, this organisation became the leading anti‑apartheid movement.
What is the ANC?
Prime Minister from 1948–1954, considered the political founder of apartheid.
Who is D.F. Malan?
These areas were created to remove Black South Africans from political participation.
What are Bantustans?
This term means “apartness” in Afrikaans.
What is apartheid?
This act made interracial marriage illegal in 1949.
What is the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act?
This 1960 event marked a turning point after police killed 69 peaceful protestors.
What is the Sharpeville Massacre?
Known as the “Architect of Apartheid.”
Who is Hendrik Verwoerd?
This act banned sexual relations between races.
What is the Immorality Act?
White fears of majority rule were expressed in the phrase swart gevaar, meaning this.
What is “black danger”?
This 1950 act forced all South Africans into racial categories.
What is the Group Areas Act?
Mandela led this armed wing of the ANC, meaning “Spear of the Nation.”
What is Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)?
This leader declared states of emergency and intensified repression in the 1980s.
Who is P.W. Botha?
These forces carried out surveillance, arrests, torture, and killings under apartheid.
What are the South African security forces?
This earlier system laid the foundation for apartheid by restricting land and movement for Black South Africans.
What is segregation?
This 1953 act placed Black education under white control and ensured Africans were trained only for manual labour.
What is the Bantu Education Act?
This movement, led by Stephen Biko, encouraged psychological liberation for Black South Africans.
What is the Black Consciousness Movement?
This president unbanned the ANC and released Mandela.
Who is F.W. de Klerk?
This tactic involved controlling movement through passbooks.
What are pass laws?
This 1935 party, led by D.F. Malan, promoted racial purity and later formed the basis of apartheid ideology.
What is the Purified National Party?
This act created racially separated living zones and enabled forced removals.
What is the Group Areas Act?
This trial resulted in Mandela’s imprisonment on Robben Island.
What is the Rivonia Trial?
This activist’s death in police custody became a global symbol of apartheid brutality.
Who is Stephen Biko?
This term describes apartheid’s systematic use of violence, fear, and legal oppression.
What is state terror?