Political Instability
Machiavelli was writing during this conflict that greatly influenced his thinking.
The Hapsburg-Valois War/Italian Wars.
This intellectual movement focused on the study of classical cultures and human achievement.
Humanism.
The Northern Renaissance shared many beliefs with its Italian counterpart, especially this shared interest.
Classical antiquity.
Renaissance humanism was often supported by:
Patrons from the Nobility/Aristocracy.
This man is credited with inventing the printing press, which revolutionized the spread of knowledge in Europe.
Johannes Gutenberg.
This style of political entity dominated Renaissance Italy.
City-States.
These elites commissioned works of art to enhance their social and political standing during the Renaissance.
Artistic Patrons
This artist is known for his self-portraits, wood cuts, and general contributions to the development of Renaissance art.
Albrecht Dürer.
The printing press greatly expanded the audience for literature in this type of writing.
Vernacular writing.
The printing press contributed to the increase of this across Europe.
Literacy.
Renaissance thinkers like Machiavelli emphasized this over traditional religious values in governance.
Pragmatism- "The ends justify the means."
This family used their wealth from banking to gain political prestige and influence in Renaissance Italy.
The Medici.
Northern Renaissance humanists emphasized:
Applying humanism to a specifically Christian setting (reform).
This is the name for rulers who attempted to centralize authority after the dynastic instability of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
The New Monarchs.
This social development facilitated the rapid adoption of the printing press in Europe.
Increases in literacy and decreases in the cost of paper
What was the ultimate issue of decentralized Italy (and smaller political entities in general)?
It was susceptible to invasion from larger powers.
This architectural style influenced the design of many Renaissance buildings, including Palladio’s works.
Classical temples.
This style of art, inspired by the life like accuracy of Classical sculptures, attempts to show people and things in a realistic way and was a cornerstone of the Northern Renaissance.
Naturalist style.
New Monarchs sought to exert more control over these two groups:
Local nobles and the Church.
The Dutch artists in the Northern Renaissance mastered this style of painting.
Oil Painting.
Sourcing of the Donation of Constantine during the Renaissance weakened the Pope's:
Claims to extensive territories in Italy.
The economic recovery of the fifteenth century led to the patronage of this group, which sponsored art to exhibit status.
Commercial elites
The Northern Renaissance artist’s focus on this group reflects the growing prosperity of new commercial elites.
Contemporary individuals/everyday life.
The growth of representative bodies under the New Monarchs such as England's Parliament and Spain's Cortes system best exemplifies which of process in early modern Europe?
Attempts by corporate groups to use existing institutions of shared governance to resist royal encroachment on traditional privileges.
The rise of these during the Commercial Revolution provided new ways of raising capital.
Joint-stock companies