The Living World (1,2)
Two bird species coexist by feeding on the same type of insects in different parts of a tree. One bird species hunts insects near the top of the tree. The other bird species hunts insects near the base of the tree.
What relationship is demonstrated between the two bird species?
What is Resource Partitioning?
What shape is the age structure diagram of a typical developing nation?
Which is the correct order of convection cells from the South Pole to the equator?
What is Polar, Ferrell, Hadley?
Which component of a landfill is extracted and transported to a wastewater treatment facility?
What is leachate?
Water vapor is a greenhouse gas and is produced by burning fossil fuels. However, anthropogenic water vapor does not contribute significantly to global warming because water vapor
a. is naturally occurring and therefore will not harm the environment
b. does not absorb energy
c. has a short residence time in the atmosphere
d. does not contain carbon
e. has no global-warming potential (GWP)
C: Has a short residence time in the atmosphere
The Mauna Loa volcano of Hawaii frequently releases lava that kills many surrounding plants. After the lava hardens, plant life returns to the mountainside.
What is this known as?
What is primary succession?
This type of irrigation uses a large system of sprinklers that must be manually moved from field to field and has very large evaporative losses.
Spray irrigation
Soil drains most rapidly when it is made up of...
What is primarily sand?
Which chemical reaction produces tropospheric ozone?
VOC + NOx +sun→ O3
The presence of the ozone layer prevents these two major health problems.
What are skin cancer and cataracts?
An ecosystem has an ecological efficiency of 10 percent. If the producer level contains 10,000 kilocalories of energy, how much energy does the tertiary consumer level contain?
What is 10 kcal?
Human population growth in 2018 was 1.07%. If this rate of growth remains constant, in what year will the
human population double?
When is 2083?
Why is strip mining typically more environmentally disruptive than subsurface mining?
It removes large areas of vegetation and soil, leading to erosion.
What is the main risk for a pregnant woman infected with the Zika virus?
Passing the disease to her child
As permafrost melts, it releases methane and carbon dioxide, which causes more warming and more melting. This is an example of a(n) ________ feedback loop.
What is a Positive feedback loop?
What are the steps of the nitrogen cycle (in order) and why is it important?
Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrification
Assimilation
Ammonification
Denitrification
It is important because it converts atmospheric N2 into usable forms needed for proteins and DNA in organisms
The town has been growing since it was built and had a growth rate of 5.38% in 2022, with a
population of 26,250. Assuming that the growth rate remains constant, calculate the year in which the population will reach 52,500. Show your work.
Set up + Answer
Set up: (70 / 5.38) + 2022
Answer: 2035
A 100-watt lightbulb is left on for 10 hours. How many kilowatt-hours (kWh) does it consume?
In 2021, 8.99 1011 ¥ kWh of electricity was generated through the combustion of coal. One kilogram of carbon dioxide is produced per kWh of electricity generated by combusting coal, while 0.42 kilograms of carbon dioxide is produced by combusting natural gas. Calculate how much less carbon dioxide would have been produced in 2021 if all coal-burning power plants were replaced with natural gas-burning power plants. Show your work.
Show Work and Answer:
521 billion kg
521,420,000,000 kg
5.2142x1011 kg
5.2x1011 kg
Describe the specific chemical process by which CFCs break down stratospheric ozone.
UV radiation breaks off a chlorine atom from CFCs, which then reacts with ozone (03) to form chlorine monoxide (ClO) and oxygen (02); the (ClO) then reacts with a free oxygen atom to release the chlorine to break down more ozone.
Explain how fracking fluid is used to access oil and natural gas in sedimentary rock, such
as shale, during the fracking process.
AND
Identify one negative geologic effect in an area where hydraulic fracturing (fracking)occurs.
Fracking fluid is injected/pumped into the well under high pressure, opening rock fissures, releasing oil and natural gas.
OR
Sand grains in the fracking fluid hold the newly formed cracks/fractures open to allow the oil and natural gas to flow up the well.
Earthquakes/seismic activity
OR
Ground subsidence/sinkholes
Insect biodiversity is important to maintain ecosystem health. A group of students was interested in learning about factors that affect ant biodiversity. They located two study sites near their school: a frequently mowed urban park and an unmowed grassland. The students used traps designed to collect ants. They loaded 10 of these traps with the same food and placed them randomly at different locations within each site. Students collected the traps after 24 hours and counted the number of different ant species in each trap to determine species richness.
ii. Identify the dependent variable in the students’ investigation
Number of ant species
Ant species richness
Presence/Absence of different ant species
The California Department of Fish and Game is developing a plan to connect mountain “habitat islands” that are separated by open areas of flat, arid land in the deserts of southeastern California. These mountain areas are habitats for desert bighorn sheep (Ovis Canadensis), which move extensively among the islands through habitat corridors. The habitat corridors provide opportunities for recolonization, seasonal migration, and maintenance of genetic variation among the metapopulation of desert bighorn sheep.
Explain what is meant by a metapopulation and how it relates to the desert bighorn sheep.
AND
Explain how a change in the atmosphere that results from El Niño conditions would affect Australia.
A metapopulation is a group of separated populations of the same species that interact through migration. In desert bighorn sheep, different mountain populations are connected by habitat corridors, allowing movement, gene flow, and recolonization between habitat islands.
Rising air and rainfall move away from Australia toward the central/eastern Pacific. Over Australia, air tends to sink and become drier
Human activities generate large amounts of solid waste, including organic waste. The decomposition of organic waste in landfills can result in the release of methane into the atmosphere. There are biological and physical factors that can affect the decomposition of the solid waste in a landfill and the release of methane into the atmosphere.
1. Describe one factor that could affect the decomposition of the solid waste in a landfill
2. Propose a solution to decrease the amount of methane released from the landfills into the atmosphere.
Accept one of the following
1. •The amount of/percentage of organic material in the solid waste. • The amount of/percentage of non-degradable material in the solid waste. • Conditions of the landfill (such as concentration of oxygen, population of microbes/decomposers, temperature, moisture). • Environmental conditions of the area (such as temperature, amount of rainfall, climate, weather, etc.).
Accept one of the following:
2. • Incinerate waste. • Compost waste. • Recycle/reuse non-synthetic organic waste (paper, textiles). • Install/Use methane collection systems. • Burn off/Combust the methane coming from the landfill.
i. Propose a solution to the negative effect created by the planned highway described in part
ii. Justify the solution proposed by providing an additional advantage other than a reduction in the risk of flooding.
i. Use permeable pavement
plant vegetation/establish parks/create rain gardens/build green roofs
Install retention ponds/stormwater basins
ii. Use permeable pavement
Plant vegetation/establish parks/create rain gardens/build green roofs
Install retention ponds/stormwater basins