Review 1
1. Measured on the pH scale
(A) Acidity
(B) Turbidity
(C) Hardness
(D) Dissolved oxygen
(E) Salinity
(A) Acidity
2. Caused by suspended particulates
(A) Acidity
(B) Turbidity
(C) Hardness
(D) Dissolved oxygen
(E) Salinity
(B) Turbidity
3. Decreased by the breakdown of organic waste
(A) Acidity
(B) Turbidity
(C) Hardness
(D) Dissolved oxygen
(E) Salinity
(D) Dissolved oxygen
4. Measured by the amount of Ca2+ and Mg2+
(A) Acidity
(B) Turbidity
(C) Hardness
(D) Dissolved oxygen
(E) Salinity
(C) Hardness
see packet for graph
5. Which of the following most directly explains the periodic fluctuations of the curve?
(A) Daily variations in air temperature
(B) Daily variations in sea level
(C) Seasonal variations in photosynthetic activity
(D) Seasonal variations in ocean water temperature
(E) Seasonal variations in human industrial activity
(C) Seasonal variations in photosynthetic activity
6. According to the graph, the increase in CO2 concentration, in parts per million, between 1970 and 1990 is closest to
(A) 5 ppm
(B) 30 ppm
(C) 50 ppm
(D) 340 ppm
(E) 355 ppm
(B) 30 ppm
see da1 packet for graph
7. Which of the following is most likely a significant cause of the general trend indicated by the graph?
(A) Reduction of ozone concentrations in the upper atmosphere
(B) Reduction in size of polar ice caps
(C) Increase in energy output of the Sun
(D) Increase in evaporation of ocean water
(E) Increase in consumption of fossil fuels
(E) Increase in consumption of fossil fuels
8. Which of the following best explains why decomposers in soils and water are important to ecosystems?
(A) They remove heavy metals.
(B) They store carbon dioxide.
(C) They recycle nutrients.
(D) They neutralize acid deposition.
(E) They produce more oxygen than they consume.
(C) They recycle nutrients.
9. Which of the following best describes the first law of thermodynamics?
(A) Energy always changes from a more useful, more concentrated form to a less useful, less concentrated form.
(B) In a closed system of constant mass, the energy involved in any physical or chemical change is neither created nor destroyed, but merely changed from one form to another.
(C) Heat always flows from a hot body to a cold body.
(D) Entropy of a system increases as the state of disorganization in the system increases.
(E) In a reversible process, the entropy of the
(B) In a closed system of constant mass, the energy involved in any physical or chemical change is neither created nor destroyed, but merely changed from one form to another.
10. Living organisms must acquire energy from their environment. Examples of adaptations that help organisms acquire
this energy include which of the following?
I. The dark, heat-absorbing coloration of a reptile.
II. The fangs and claws of a lion
III. The light coloration of a peppered moth
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
(C) I and II only
11. All of the following are negative externalities EXCEPT
(A) illnesses related to living near a manufacturing facility
(B) noise associated with living near a major airport
(C) air pollution caused by refinery emissions
(D) bees pollinating vegetables in addition to creating honey
(E) damage to crops from automobile exhaust
(D) bees pollinating vegetables in addition to creating honey
12. Ammonia is converted to nitrite, then to nitrate.
(A) Nitrification
(B) Denitrification
(C) Assimilation
(D) Ammonification
(E) Nitrogen fixation
(A) Nitrification
13. Nitrate ions and nitrite ions are converted into nitrous oxide gas and nitrogen gas (N2).
(A) Nitrification
(B) Denitrification
(C) Assimilation
(D) Ammonification
(E) Nitrogen fixation
(B) Denitrification
14. Plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions for use in making molecules such as DNA, amino acids, and proteins.
(A) Nitrification
(B) Denitrification
(C) Assimilation
(D) Ammonification
(E) Nitrogen fixation
(C) Assimilation
15. An energy transformation occurs and results in increased disorder.
(A) Heat flow
(B) Kinetic energy
(C) Potential energy
(D) First law of thermodynamics
(E) Second law of thermodynamics
(E) Second law of thermodynamics
16. A North Carolina timber company proposes to clear-cut 45 hectares of oak-hickory deciduous forest in the Appalachian Mountains. The company has said that the forest will regrow naturally, and 50 years after the clear-cutting the company plans to harvest again, cutting all the oaks and hickories that have at least a 40-centimeter diameter. A local citizens’ group claims that this is not a realistic plan. Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim of the citizens’ group?
(A) Harvesting oak and hickory will disrupt the soil in the first year after clear-cutting; oaks and hickories cannot germinate that first year.
(B) Oak and hickory are late-successional species; pioneer species will dominate for many decades before the oaks and hickories are reestablished.
(C) Coniferous forests can regrow after having been clear-cut; the biome will change to a boreal forest after clear-cutting.
(D) Populations of large carnivores in the forest will decline after clear-cutting occurs; deer hunting will suffer as a result.
(E) Erosion rates on the slopes of the Appalachian Mountains will decrease
(B) Oak and hickory are late-successional species; pioneer species will dominate for many decades before the oaks and hickories are reestablished.
17. Approximate efficiency of the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis
(A) 100%
(B) 95%
(C) 30%
(D) 15%
(E) 1%
(E) 1%
18. The maximum efficiency possible in an energy-conversion process that is not limited by the second law of thermodynamics
(A) 100%
(B) 95%
(C) 30%
(D) 15%
(E) 1%
(A) 100%
19. Approximately what percent of the water on Earth is freshwater (liquid and solid)?
(A) 75%
(B) 25%
(C) 2.5%
(D) 0.25%
(E) 0.025%
(C) 2.5%
see packet for diagram
20. The diagram above illustrates how the number of individuals in a population changed with time as a result of external stresses and resource limitations. Which lettered portion of the curve most likely corresponds to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?
(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D
(E) E
(E) E
see packet for graph
21. At which time after clear-cutting does the ecosystem exhibit the greatest species richness?
(A) 50 years
(B) 100 years
(C) 150 years
(D) 200 years
(E) 250 years
(B) 100 years
see packet for graph
22. Which tree species grows best with full sunlight?
(A) White oak
(B) Hickory
(C) Dogwood
(D) Sweet gum
(E) Beech
(D) Sweet gum