U3 Populations
This type of species survives best in changing environments because it has a broad niche.(pg.72)
What is a generalist species?
This plate boundary creates seafloor spreading and rift valleys (pg.88)
What is a divergent boundary?
This concept describes people overusing shared resources for personal benefit until the resource is depleted (pg. 103)
What is the tragedy of the commons?
These energy sources exist in fixed amounts and are not easily replaced after use. (pg. 128)
What are nonrenewable resources?
This layer of the atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful UV radiation. (pg. 190)
What is the stratospheric ozone layer?
A population of rabbits follows a doubling time rule. The population is 400 rabbits and grows at a constant 8% per year. Write an equation for population over time and find when it reaches 1600.
400(1.08)^t = 1600
Air contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other gases. A 5000 kg air sample is taken. Find mass of each gas.
Nitrogen: 0.78 × 5000 = 3900 kg
Oxygen: 0.21 × 5000 = 1050 kg
Other: 0.01 × 5000 = 50 kg
An irrigation system applies 12,000 liters of water. Efficiency is 88%. Find usable water and water loss.
Usable water = 0.88 × 12000 = 10560 liters
Loss = 12000 − 10560 = 1440 liters
This fossil fuel is mostly methane and is considered the cleanest fossil fuel. (pg. 130)
What is natural gas?
This gas forms when oxygen reacts with chlorine from CFCs and leads to ozone depletion. (pg. 191)
What are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)?
This survivorship curve shows high death rates early in life and is common in r selected species pg.75
What is a Type III survivorship curve?
This effect causes global winds to curve because of Earth’s rotation. (91-92)
What is the Coriolis effect?
This process occurs when pests become resistant to pesticides over generations. (pg. 109)
What is artificial selection?
A device uses 1.5 kW for 6 hours each day. Find energy use over 30 days.
Daily use = 1.5 × 6 = 9 kWh
Monthly use = 9 × 30 = 270 kWh
Carbon dioxide starts at 420 ppm with 0.5% yearly increase. Find level after 10 years
420(1.005)^t
C(10) = 420(1.005)^10 ≈ 420 × 1.051 = 441.4 ppm
This occurs when a population exceeds carrying capacity, often causing resource depletion and population dieback. (pg 76-77)
What is overshoot?
This geographic effect creates dry land on one side of a mountain because precipitation is blocked. (pg.94-95)
What is the rain shadow effect?
These human made surfaces block water from entering soil and increase flooding. (pg. 114)
What are impervious surfaces?
This process splits Uranium-235 atoms to release heat for electricity generation. (pg. 133)
What is nuclear fission?
This term describes species that enter new environments, spread quickly, and harm native ecosystems. (pg. 198)
What are invasive species?
This rule estimates doubling time by dividing 70 by the population growth rate percentage. (pg.80-81)
What is the Rule of 70?
These climate phenomena result from changing Pacific Ocean surface temperatures and affect global rainfall and wind patterns. (pg.96)
What are El Niño and La Niña?
This pest control method combines biological, physical, and limited chemical controls to reduce environmental damage. (pg. 118)
What is integrated pest management (IPM)?
This energy source combines hydrogen with oxygen to produce electricity, with water as the only emission. (pg. 139)
What is a hydrogen fuel cell?
This acronym lists the main causes of biodiversity loss: habitat destruction, invasive species, population growth, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation. (pg. 200)
What is HIPPCO?