Limiting Factors
population growth/age structure diagrams
Demographic Transition
Population Dynamics
Ecological Succession and Tolerance
Vocabulary
Biodiversity & Biogeography
Plate Tectonics & Soil
100
What causes a population to increase?
Births and Immigration
100
If the population of rabbits in an ecosystem grows at a rate of approximately 4% per year, the number of years required for the rabbit population to double is...?
70/4 = 17.5 years
100
The greatest rate of population growth takes place in this phase.
Transitional
(death rates lower but birth rates still high)
100
What claim can we make about trends in population size over time that would be supported by the data?
The Population exceeded the carrying capacity
100
Explain TWO factors that differentiate primary succession from secondary succession.
primary - no soil and takes longer to reach a climax community
100
What is an indicator species?
Species whose tolerance limits can be used to judge the environmental conditions.
100
Identify 2 factors that are used to measure species biodiversity.
species richness
relative abundance (species evenness)
100
This boundary exists at the San Andreas fault.
What is a transform boundary?
200
What causes a population to decrease?
Deaths and Emigration
200
If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is:
1.6%
200
Explain why a country may have a declining death rate in stage 2. (why is there a longer life expectancy)
improvements in public health, sanitation, and access to food
200
A measurement for the relative abundance of each species present within an ecosystem
Species Evenness
200
The 3 categories found on a Range of Tolerance graph are the following: Physiological Stress, Intolerance and Optimal Range. Which of these labels would be found sandwiched between the other two?
zone of physiological stress
200
Pioneer Species are
In primary succession on a terrestrial site; the plants lichens, and microbes that first colonize the site.
200
According to the theory of island biogeography, what type of island would have the fewest number of different species?
Far from the mainland and small in size
200
This type of boundary exists between Somalia and the rest of Africa. It increases the amount of Earth's crust (or spreads/expands the sea floor)
What is a divergent boundary?
300
What shape represents an exponential growth curve?
J-shaped
300
If India exhibits a pyramid shaped population graph and China has an inverted pyramid shape, which nation will experience higher rates of population growth in the coming years?
India has a higher population growth rate than China and Australia
300
The rate of population growth starts to slow down at which phase?
The beginning of Phase III
300
The number of individuals in a given area is a population's
Density
300
Identify TWO examples of primary succession AND TWO examples of secondary succession.
primary - glacial retreat and volcanic eruption
secondary - forest fire and abandoned agricultural field
300
What is habitat fragmentation, and how do humans cause this?
when a habitat is broken into pieces
deforestation, construction of homes and roads
300
Ecosystem A has 5 different species with the following abundances: A - 20%, B - 15%, C - 20%, D - 20%, and E 15%
Ecosystem B has 5 different species with the following abundances: A - 5% B - 25% C - 25%, D - 35%, and E 10%
Which has the higher biodiversity and why?
Ecosystem A
species richness is the same, but A has a more even distribution of each
300
What is the interaction between two converging tectonic plates that often leads to the formation of volcanos (continental) or island arches (oceanic)?
Subduction
400
The maximum population size that a given environment can sustain
Carrying Capacity
400
How does replacement level fertility differ among developed and developing countries?
It is lower in developed countries and higher in developing countries.
400
What is the most likely cause of high death rates in phase I?
Infant and childhood mortality
400
what type of growth curve is shown?
Logistic
400
Identify correlation between biomass, primary productivity, biodiversity and ecological succession AND explain why.
as succession progresses, all 3 increase
Increased species of plants (especially those larger in size) are more productive. This also supports more species of animals that can find habitats so the biodiversity and biomass go up as well.
400
What is the difference between a generalist and a specialist species?
a generalist can survive a wide range of environmental conditions or eat a variety of food - a specialist can only survive in a very narrow range of conditions or only eats one type of food
400
Why is genetic diversity so important within a population of a particular species?
With higher genetic diversity, there is a higher chance that a favorable mutation will arise. This also increases the chances the population will be able to adapt and evolve in the event of a disturbance.
400
The Soil Horizon in which one can expect to find the greatest concentration of minerals/nutrients produced from the weathering of bedrock
C Horizon
500
Name two things that separate r-selected and k-selected species
level of parental care, life span, # of offspring, reproductive maturity age, population regulation, size of offspring
500
What is doubling time and why can’t we predict it with certainty? What is the rule of 70?
Doubling time is the number of years it takes for a population to double.
We can never determine a country’s doubling time with certainty because growth rates may change in future years. We can calculate it if we know the growth rate of a population and assume the growth rate is constant.
The rule of 70 can be used to approximate doubling time. Doubling time (years) = 70/growth rate (expressed in %).
500
Zero population growth is associated with which phases?
Phases I and IV
500
Which of the following factors are density dependent (DD)
1. A tornado
2. amount of food available
3. availability of water
4. climate change
5. predation
Amount of food
Availability of water
Predation
500
Draw a Range of Tolerance graph. Pick a factor that could limit a populations size on the x-axis. What shape does a range of tolerance graph take? Show me
Factors: pH, temperature, concentration of a pollutant, dissolved oxygen...
Shape: Bell Curve
500
A pine tree would be an example of a _____ stage plant species
Late stage or climax species
500
Provide an example of the following AND explain what they are.
1) invasive species
2) keystone species
Answers will vary, Judge Danison will decide
500
A student claims that a soil sample is an example of loam. In order for this to be true, it would have to contain sand, silt, and clay in these percentages.
What are:
20% clay
40% silt
40% sand