Specialists and Generalists/
K-selected and R-selected
K-selected and R-selected
Survivorship Curves/ Carrying Capacity
Population Growth and Resource Availability
Age Structure Diagrams/ Total Fertility Rate
Human Population Dynamics/ Demographic Transition Model
100
What is the main difference between specialists and generalists?
Specialists are organisms that require particular habitats and food. Generalists are organisms that can live in many different environments and eat many different foods.
100
Name one animal for a Type l and for a Type lll survivorship curve.
Type l: Humans, elephants, kangaroos, whales, etc.
Type lll: Cockroaches, sea turtles, frogs, etc.
100
What spatial distribution are these animals in?
Clumped distribution
100
What Age Structure Diagram with a very wide base, tapering rapidly toward the top It indicates a high birth rate/high death rate?
Extreme Pyramid (Rapid Growing)
100
What is a demographic transition?
A model that shows a nations population, birth and death rates.
200
Which type of species (r-selected or k-selected) tend to be invasive species?
R-selected species
200
Name at least three consequences of an overshoot.
Starvation, disease, low reproductive success, depletion of environmental resources, etc.
200
Explain the difference between biotic potential and logistical growth.
Biotic potential is how a population would grow under perfect circumstances, logistical growth incorporates limiting factors that create a carrying capacity.
200
What Does TFR stand for?
Total Fertility Rate
200
What is Thomas Malthus' theory?
The theory is that the human population will grow exponentially and run out of food
300
Give an example of a specialist and generalist species.
Specialists: koala, giant panda, coral reefs, orchid mantis, monarch butterflies
Generalists: raccoons, coyotes, rats, cockroaches, pigeons, white-tailed deer
300
K-selected and R-selected species are associated with which survivorship curves?
K-selected: Type l
R-selected: Type lll
300
What is the formula for population size?
(immigrations+births) - (immigrants + deaths)
300
what are the Factors that Affect Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?
Development (Affluence) and Government policies
300
What is the birthrate calculation?
(crude birthrate - crude deathrate) divided by 10 = r
400
What is biotic potential?
Biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring a species could have if conditions were perfect.
400
Name at least two things that could cause an overshoot.
Increase in food and habitat, lack of natural predators, increase in reproductive success, etc.
400
Explain the differences between size, density, and distribution.
Size is the amount of the species in the area.
Density is how crowded in the area the species is.
Distribution is the spatial distribution of the species, i.e. random, uniform, or clumped.
400
What are the Four Age Structure Diagrams?
rapidly growing (expansive), slowly growing (expansive), stable (stationary), and declining (constrictive).
400
What are the demographic transitions?
Pre-industrialized (stage 1), Industrializing/Developing (stage 2), Industrialized/Developed (stage 3), Highly developed (stage 4)
500
Do all species' reproductive strategies stay set as either uniquely r-selected or k-selected for their whole life span?
No, many species have reproductive strategies that change in different conditions at different times due to adaptation and natural selection.
500
Name one biotic and one abiotic limiting resource.
Biotic: Food availibility, competion, predation, parasites, disease, etc.
Abiotic: Natural disasters, water, sunlight, temperature, space, soil nutrients, etc.
500
Name one density-independent limiting resource and one density-dependent limiting resource.
Density independent: Natural disasters, severe weather, pollution, etc.
Density dependent: Food, water, shelter, predation, waste accumulation, etc.
500
What are the effects of Development (Affluence) and Government policies. and you need to describe both and use one examples.
Development (Affluence):Development on Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is strongly inversely correlated with development and affluence, with wealthier, more developed nations typically experiencing lower TFRs. Key drivers behind this decline include increased female education, higher career opportunities, better access to contraception, later marriage, higher child-rearing costs, and reduced infant mortality, which together encourage smaller family size.
Government policies: Government Policies on Total Fertility Rate (TFR) are primarily driven by demographic, economic, and social pressures, aiming to either increase birth rates (pronatalist) or reduce them (antinatalist). Key drivers include aging populations, rising labor shortages, high cost of child-rearing, low female labor participation, and urbanization. Policies often focus on child subsidies, paid parental leave, childcare access, and family planning services.
500
Name three countries that are in stage 4 of demographic transition?
U.S., U.K., China, Australia, France, South Korea, Chile, Netherlands, Norway, Finland, Ireland, Denmark, etc.