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Age structure diagram:
A visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females.
Crude birth rate(CBR):
The number of births per 1,000 individuals per year.
Crude death rate (CDR):
The number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.
Total fertility rate:
An estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years.
Type l survivorship curve:
A pattern of survival over time in which there is high survival throughout most of the life span, but then individuals start to die in large numbers as they approach old age.
Developing countries:
Countries that have relatively low levels of industrialization and income.
Developed countries:
Countries that have relatively high levels of industrialization and income.
Immigration:
The movement of people into a country or region, from another country or region.
Emigration:
The movement of people out of a country or region.
Type ll survivorship curve:
A pattern of survival over time in which there is a relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the life span.
Doubling time:
The number of years it takes a population to double.
Net migration rate:
The difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country.
Population pyramid:
An age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top, typical of developing countries.
Rule of 70:
A method which dictates that by dividing the number 70 by the percentage population growth rate we can determine a population’s doubling time.
Type lll survivorship curve.
A pattern of survival over time in which there is low survivorship (a high death rate) early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood.
Child mortality:
The number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births.
Infant mortality:
The number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births.
Family planning:
The regulation of the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control.
Population momentum:
Continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented.
Replacement level fertility:
The total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size.
Demographer:
A scientist in the field of demography.
Demography:
The study of human populations and population trends.
Environmental justice:
The study of the disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards experienced by people of color, recent immigrants and people of lower socio-economic backgrounds; and is both an academic field and a social movement.
IPAT equation:
A conceptual representation of the three major factors that influence environmental Impact: Population of humans, Affluence, Technology.
Theory of demographic transition:
A theory that states that a country moves from high to lower birth and death rates as development occurs and that country moves from a preindustrial to an industrialized economic system.