The Dutch Republic
This city became the Dutch Republic’s leading port and commercial center during its Golden Age.
Amsterdam
Parliament’s forces defeated this Stuart king in the English Civil War.
Charles 1
Known as the Sun King, this French monarch made Versailles a symbol of royal power.
Louis XIV
Louis XIV revoked this decree in 1685, ending its protections for French Protestants known as Huguenots.
Edict of Nantes
These Prussian landowning nobles supplied officers and officials while retaining strong control over their serfs.
Junkers
Founded in 1602, this Dutch joint-stock company built trading posts in Asia and could wage war to protect its commercial interests. What was their acronym?
VOC
This leader of the New Model Army later governed as Lord Protector and relied heavily on military power.
Oliver Cromwell
These royal officials supervised local administration and reported to the crown, helping reduce the independence of provincial nobles.
Intendents
These revolts during Louis XIV’s childhood helped convince him that nobles and other elites could threaten royal authority.
the Fronde
This decree declared the Habsburg lands indivisible and permitted female succession, later supporting Maria Theresa’s claim to rule.
Pragmatic Sanction
Explain how reclaiming land with dikes and drainage helped the Dutch economy beyond agriculture.
More farmland increased agricultural production. The resulting surplus supported population growth and investment in commerce and manufacturing.
In 1628, Parliament used this document to challenge forced loans, taxation without its consent, and arbitrary imprisonment.
Petition of Rights
Colbert supported manufacturing and policies intended to export more than France imported. Identify this economic approach and its goal.
What is mercantilism? Its goal was to increase national wealth and state power through a favorable balance of trade.
This 1713 peace settlement allowed Philip V to keep the Spanish throne while preventing a union of the French and Spanish crowns.
Treaty of Utrecht
Explain why Peter the Great built St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea as part of his effort to strengthen Russia.
Its location improved Russia’s access to western Europe, supporting trade, naval power, and contact with Western ideas and technology.
Why did Dutch artists frequently paint merchants, landscapes, and scenes of everyday life?
Wealthy merchants and urban buyers became important art patrons. They purchased paintings that reflected their lives, surroundings, and interests.
This political change removed James II and brought William and Mary to the English throne. Explain how it strengthened Parliament.
What is the Glorious Revolution? It strengthened Parliament’s role in determining the succession and helped establish legal limits on royal authority.
Explain how life at Versailles helped Louis XIV control powerful nobles.
Nobles competed for access, status, and rewards at court. Their dependence on royal favor reduced their ability to challenge the king independently.
Why did England, the Dutch Republic, and Austria oppose Louis XIV during the War of the Spanish Succession? Identify the diplomatic principle involved.
the balance of power They feared that Bourbon control of France and Spain would allow one dynasty to dominate Europe.
Explain how Poland’s liberum veto weakened the state and made it more vulnerable to foreign powers.
One noble could dissolve a parliamentary session and invalidate its legislation. This blocked reforms, weakened central authority, and allowed foreign powers to exploit political divisions.
Explain TWO factors that weakened Dutch economic leadership in the late seventeenth century.
Costly wars with England and France drained resources, while stronger English commercial and manufacturing competition weakened Dutch advantages. French tariffs also hurt Dutch trade.
Identify TWO limits the English Bill of Rights placed on royal power, and explain how they supported constitutional monarchy.
Taxation and maintaining a standing army in peacetime required Parliament’s consent. These restrictions made the monarch depend on Parliament and exercise authority within legal limits.
Which author of Leviathan defended a powerful sovereign, and why did he believe people would accept that authority?
Thomas Hobbes He believed people would accept limits on their freedom in exchange for security and protection from violent disorder.
Why did Catholic France under Richelieu support Protestant powers against the Catholic Habsburgs during the Thirty Years’ War?
French state interests outweighed religious solidarity. Richelieu wanted to weaken the Habsburgs and strengthen France’s position in Europe.
Name the TWO Ottoman systems that allowed religious communities some autonomy and recruited Christian boys into service under the sultan.
the millet system and the devshirme. Millets organized recognized religious communities. The devshirme forcibly recruited Christian boys for conversion to Islam and training for military or administrative service.