unit 2
The term "brain drain" refers to:
a) The movement of highly skilled workers from one country to another
b) The concentration of population in urban centers
c) The migration of retirees to warmer climates
d) The displacement of people due to armed conflict
a) The movement of highly skilled workers from one country to another
(Brain drain refers to the emigration of highly skilled or educated individuals from one country to another, often seeking better opportunities or conditions elsewhere.)
Cultural relativism is the idea that:
a) Some cultures are inherently superior to others
b) Cultural practices should be judged based on the standards of one's own culture
c) All cultures share the same values and beliefs
d) Cultural practices should be understood within the context of the culture in which they occur
Answer: d) Cultural practices should be understood within the context of the culture in which they occur
The Green Revolution primarily focused on:
a) Promoting organic farming practices
b) Increasing agricultural productivity through the use of high-yield crop varieties, fertilizers, and pesticides
c) Protecting biodiversity and preserving natural habitats
d) Encouraging small-scale, subsistence farming in rural areas
Answer: b) Increasing agricultural productivity through the use of high-yield crop varieties, fertilizers, and pesticides
Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with the process of deindustrialization in urban areas?
A) Decline in manufacturing jobs due to automation and technological advancements.
B) Outsourcing of labor-intensive industries to developing countries with lower labor costs.
C) Government initiatives aimed at revitalizing urban centers through investment in infrastructure and technology.
D) Shift in consumer preferences towards service-based industries and the rise of the knowledge economy.
E) Environmental regulations leading to the closure of polluting factories in urban areas.
Correct Answer: C) Government initiatives aimed at revitalizing urban centers through investment in infrastructure and technology.
Which of the following urban models suggests that cities develop in a series of concentric rings, with the central business district at the core and zones of transition, working-class residential, middle-class residential, and commuter zones radiating outward?
A) Sector model
B) Multiple nuclei model
C) Peripheral model
D) Latin American model
E) Concentric zone model
Correct Answer: E) Concentric zone model
Which of the following migration theories suggests that migrants choose destinations based on factors such as familiarity, social networks, and cultural links?
a) Ravenstein's laws of migration
b) Lee's push-pull theory
c) Zelinsky's mobility transition model
d) Von Thünen's agricultural land use model
a) Ravenstein's laws of migration
(Ravenstein's laws of migration suggest that migrants choose destinations based on factors such as familiarity, social networks, and cultural links.)
A pidgin language is:
a) A language that has no native speakers
b) A simplified form of language that develops as a means of communication between speakers of different languages
c) A language spoken by a small, isolated group of people
d) A language that is officially recognized and used in government and education
Answer: b) A simplified form of language that develops as a means of communication between speakers of different languages
The concept of food miles refers to:
a) The distance food travels from farm to consumer
b) The number of calories in a particular food item
c) The amount of energy required to produce and transport food
d) The nutritional value of different types of food
Answer: a) The distance food travels from farm to consumer
In the context of urbanization and industrialization, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of "sunbelt migration"?
A) The movement of rural populations to urban areas in search of employment opportunities in newly established factories during the Industrial Revolution.
B) The migration of retirees from northern states to southern states in the United States, drawn by warmer climates and lower costs of living.
C) The relocation of manufacturing plants from urban centers to suburban areas, often motivated by cheaper land and reduced labor costs.
D) The mass exodus of residents from densely populated cities to rural areas following economic downturns and industrial decline.
E) The influx of international immigrants to major coastal cities, attracted by the promise of employment in high-tech industries and financial services.
Correct Answer: B) The migration of retirees from northern states to southern states in the United States, drawn by warmer climates and lower costs of living.
According to the Burgess concentric zone model, which of the following zones is typically characterized by deteriorating housing conditions, industrial land uses, and the presence of recent immigrant and minority groups?
A) Central business district
B) Zone of transition
C) Working-class residential zone
D) Middle-class residential zone
E) Commuter zone
Correct Answer: B) Zone of transition
Which of the following regions is experiencing rapid population decline due to low birth rates and emigration?
a) Sub-Saharan Africa
b) South Asia
c) Eastern Europe
d) Southeast Asia
c) Eastern Europe
(Many countries in Eastern Europe are experiencing rapid population decline due to low birth rates and emigration.)
Which of the following is an example of a universalizing religion?
a) Hinduism
b) Judaism
c) Christianity
d) Shintoism
Answer: c) Christianity
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sustainable agriculture?
a) Minimizing the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides
b) Promoting biodiversity and ecosystem health
c) Maximizing short-term profits without regard for long-term environmental consequences
d) Using crop rotation and soil conservation practices to maintain soil fertility
Answer: c) Maximizing short-term profits without regard for long-term environmental consequences
In the context of urbanization and industrialization, which of the following best characterizes the concept of "counterurbanization"?
A) The migration of rural populations to urban areas in search of employment opportunities in emerging service sectors.
B) The movement of suburban residents to rural areas, often driven by a desire for a quieter lifestyle and proximity to nature.
C) The relocation of manufacturing industries from urban centers to suburban areas, resulting in the decentralization of economic activity.
D) The phenomenon of young professionals moving from small towns to large cities in pursuit of higher-paying jobs and cultural opportunities.
E) The pattern of urban residents moving to smaller towns and villages, typically due to factors such as high housing costs and overcrowding in cities.
Correct Answer: B) The movement of suburban residents to rural areas, often driven by a desire for a quieter lifestyle and proximity to nature.
In the context of urban geography, what term describes the process of suburbanization followed by the movement of businesses and services to suburban areas, resulting in the decentralization of economic activity away from the central city?
A) Deindustrialization
B) Redlining
C) Counterurbanization
D) Edge city development
E) Urban sprawl
Correct Answer: D) Edge city development
Which stage of the demographic transition model (DTM) is characterized by high birth and death rates? a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 3
d) Stage 4
a) Stage 1
Which of the following best describes the concept of cultural syncretism?
a) The process of borrowing and blending cultural traits from different sources
b) The strict adherence to traditional cultural practices without any external influences
c) The deliberate suppression of cultural diversity within a society
d) The rapid spread of a dominant culture at the expense of minority cultures
Answer: a) The process of borrowing and blending cultural traits from different sources
The concept of food security refers to:
a) The availability and access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for all people
b) The promotion of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture
c) The establishment of protected areas for wildlife conservation
d) The regulation of food prices to ensure affordability for consumers
Answer: a) The availability and access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for all people
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of "gentrification backlash"?
A) A neighborhood undergoes revitalization efforts, attracting affluent residents who invest in renovating historic buildings, leading to increased property values and displacement of long-time low-income residents.
B) Local government implements policies to improve infrastructure and public services in a deteriorating urban area, resulting in improved living conditions but also triggering rising housing costs and the displacement of lower-income residents.
C) A community organization protests against the construction of a luxury condominium complex in a historically working-class neighborhood, arguing that it will drive up rents and force long-time residents to move out.
D) A city council approves zoning changes to allow for the construction of high-rise apartment buildings in a downtown area, sparking concerns among current residents about increased traffic congestion and loss of neighborhood character.
E) Real estate developers purchase multiple properties in a low-income neighborhood, renovating them into upscale apartments and attracting wealthier tenants, which leads to a decrease in affordable housing options for existing residents.
Correct Answer: C) A community organization protests against the construction of a luxury condominium complex in a historically working-class neighborhood, arguing that it will drive up rents and force long-time residents to move out.
Which of the following factors is NOT typically considered a push factor contributing to suburbanization in developed countries?
A) Rising crime rates in urban areas
B) High housing costs in central cities
C) Limited job opportunities in rural areas
D) Desire for a quieter and less congested lifestyle
E) Improved transportation infrastructure
Correct Answer: C) Limited job opportunities in rural areas
Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with a declining birth rate in a country?
a) Increased access to contraception
b) Economic development
c) Government policies promoting large families
d) Women's empowerment and education
c) Government policies promoting large families
(In countries with declining birth rates, governments typically implement policies to reduce family size, such as family planning programs or incentives for smaller families.)
Ethnocentrism refers to:
a) The belief that one's own culture is superior to others
b) The process of cultural diffusion across different societies
c) The adaptation of cultural practices to fit local customs and traditions
d) The study of cultural landscapes and their historical significance
Answer: a) The belief that one's own culture is superior to others
Which of the following regions is known for the practice of pastoral nomadism?
a) Southeast Asia
b) Sub-Saharan Africa
c) Western Europe
d) Central Asia
Answer: d) Central Asia
Among the following economic theories, which one closely aligns with the concept of "spatial mismatch"?
A) Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage.
B) Marx's theory of surplus value.
C) Schumpeter's theory of creative destruction.
D) Myrdal's theory of cumulative causation.
E) Weber's theory of industrial location.
Correct Answer: D) Myrdal's theory of cumulative causation.
In the context of urban planning, what term describes the deliberate efforts by local governments to control the outward expansion of cities by imposing strict land use regulations and creating green belts or other barriers to development?
A) Zoning
B) Smart growth
C) New urbanism
D) Urban renewal
E) Urban containment
Correct Answer: E) Urban containment