APII EXAM 4

URINARY

100

Which blood vessels surround the proximal convoluted tubules?

peritubular capillaries

200

Which of the following substances would you expect to find in normal urine? a) Glucose b) Proteins c) Urea d) Ketones

c) Urea

300

Tubular reabsorption is necessary in order to ____________. a) remove substances from the blood and secrete into the filtrate b) reabsorb 99% of water from the filtrate c) reabsorb 99% of water from the urine

b) reabsorb 99% of water from the filtrate

400

Each minor calyx receives urine from the _____.

renal papilla

500

When blood pressure decreases, juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete _______________.

renin

FLUIDS

100

What are the 4 sources of water loss?

urine, feces, lungs, skin

200

If the interstitial fluid surrounding the cell is hypertonic to the cell's cytosol, how does this affect the cell and why?

The cell would shrink. Increased solutes=increased osmotic pressure which would pull fluid from cell

300

What are the main sources of acids for the body?

cellular metabolism and ingestion of acids

400

How does metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis differ?

metabolic acidosis: decreased pH and decreased HCO3- respiratory acidosis: decreased pH and increased CO2 due to hypoventilation

500

What 3 hormones are released to correct for dehydration imbalance?

renin, ADH, and aldosterone

REPRODUCTIVE

100

Contraction of the cremaster muscle: A) propels sperm through the urethra. B) moves sperm through the ductus deferens. C) wrinkles the scrotal skin. D) pulls the testes closer to the body.

D) pulls the testes closer to the body.

200

A male bodybuilder takes testosterone supplements to increase his muscle mass. After three weeks, which of the following do you expect to observe? A) Excess testosterone inhibits production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). B) Excess testosterone increases production of luteinizing hormone (LH). C) Excess testosterone increases production of estrogens. D) Excess testosterone inhibits production of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).

A) Excess testosterone inhibits production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

300

When are all oogonia formed in females? A) before birth B) during infancy C) at puberty D) early adulthood

A) before birth

400

Women who wish to become pregnant should have sexual intercourse after a surge in what hormone.

LH

500

Which cells in the ovaries and testes respond to LH?

thecal cells and interstitial cells

LET'S GO THERE

100

A seventy-five year old male has noticed he has had difficulty urinating. His physician says his difficulty is most likely due to an enlarged gland known as the: A) epididymis. B) prostate gland. C) testis. D) seminal vesicle.

B) prostate gland.

200

Chris wears a testosterone patch to increase his testosterone levels. Determine the effects on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

Testosterone inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels through a negative feedback loop. Since GnRH is inhibited by testosterone, secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) will also be inhibited.

300

Name the pressures involved with the glomerular filtration rate.

GHP, COP, CHP

400

The presence of blood and protein in the urine can indicate inflammation of the glomerulus. Why would glomerular inflammation result in these substances passing into the filtrate and the urine? (Hint: What happens to capillaries during an inflammatory response?)

Inflammation increases capillary permeability, which causes the filtration membrane to become leakier than normal, permitting larger substances to enter the filtrate. There are no mechanisms for reabsorbing these substances, and they therefore appear in the urine.

500

Elise Anderson is a 6-year old girl who presents to the ER with a history of vomiting for the past 3 days. The nurse notices that her respiratory rate is abnormally low. What is the likely reason for this change in ventilation?

Elise is hypoventilating because she likely has metabolic alkalosis due to the loss of hydrogen ions from vomiting. The hypoventilation will help her retain carbon dioxide and reduce pH of her ECF.