ATP
Where energy is stored in ATP
Bonds between the phosphate groups
The benefit of pigments in photosynthesis
The place in a plant cell where the Calvin cycle occurs
The stroma of the choloroplast
The four stages of cellular respiration
1. Glycolysis
2. The Link Reaction
3. The Krebs Cyle
4. The Electron Transport Chain
A stage of cellular respiration that requires oxygen
aerobic
The reason ATP is better suited to provide energy for cellular activities than glucose
It stores just the right amount of energy to power cellular activities (glucose is too much energy and may burn up the cells)
These cells, which are positioned at the top of the leaf, contain the most chlorophyll which enables more direct sunlight to be used for photosyntesis
Mesophyll cells
The reason the Calvin cycle is called a cylce
Glycolosis takes place in this part of the cell
cytoplasm
A stage of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen
Anaerobic
How ATP is generated in light reactions
1. Energy released in the ETC pumps H+ ions across thylakoid membrane
2. high concentration of H+ ions in thylakoid space flow back out of thylakoid space which powers ATP synthase to rotate
3. rotation caused ADP and P to be close enough together to form ATP
The reason plants will not grow well in only green light is because they
Plants contain cholorophyll which does not absorb green light (it reflects green light and therefore cannot excite electrons and power photosynthesis)
The function of NADPH during the Calvin Cycle
carries energy-rich electrons to the Calvin Cyle where it drops off the electrons used in making glucose
This happens to glucose during glycolysis
glucose split into two pyruvic acid molecules and produce four ATP molecules
This takes place solely in the cytoplasms and makes two ATP molecules through glycolysis
What is fermentation
The net gain of ATP in each stage of cellular repisration
glycolosis: 2
Krebs cycle: 2
ETC: 34
Total: 38
blue and red lights (chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light wavelengths and reflects green light wavelengths)
What molecules go into the Calvin Cycle and what molecules come out?
Go in: carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH
Come out: G3P (which becomes glucose)
During ETC, the folded membrane of this organelle increases the amount of membrane surface avaialbe
Mitochondrion
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
2. Alcoholic fermentation
How ATP is made during cellular respiration
gylcolysis without oxygen
oxygen, NADPH, ATP (Oxygen is considered a waste product and NADPH and ATP are used in the Krebs cycle)
Because the Calvin Cycle does not directly convert sunlight into chemical energy, it is also referred to as this
Light Independent Reaction
This high-energy molecule is produced in glycolysis
NADH (used to carry electrons to another stage in the process)
ATP is made from glycolysis without oxygen during this anaerobic process
Fermentation