Important figures who affected English Colonies
German friar who touched off the Protestant Reformation when he nailed a list of grievances against the Catholic Church to the door of Wittenberg's cathedral in 1517.
Who is Martin Luther (1483-1546)?
Erudite leader of the separatist Pilgrims ho left England for Holland and eventually sailed on the Mayflower to establish the first English colony in MA; his account of the colony's founding, Of Plymouth Plantation, remains classic of American literature and an indispensable historical source.
Who is William Bradford (1590-1649)?
What is the Act that was passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period.
Act of Toleration (1649)
Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.
What was the English Civil War (1642-1649)?
Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination—that only "the elect" were destined for salvation.
What is Calvinism?
French Protestant reformer whose religious teachings formed the theological basis for New England Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and members of the Dutch Reformed Church; he argued that humans were inherently weak and wicked, and he believed in an all-knowing, all-powerful God who predestined select individuals for salvation.
Who is John Calvin (1509-1564)?
First governor of MA Bay Colony; able administrator and devout Puritan; helped ensure the prosperity of the newly established colony and enforce Puritan ortho-doxy, taking a hard line against religious dissenters like Anne Hutchinson.
Who is John Winthrop (1588-1649)?
First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries.
What is the Barbados Slave Code of 1661?
Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation.
What was the Tuscarora War (1711-1713)?
Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect."
What is predestination?
Assumed the throne with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. He sought to establish firm control over the colonies, ending the period of relative independence on the American mainland.
Who is Charles II (1630-1685; r. 1660-1685)?
Antinomian religious dissenter brought to trial for heresy in MA Bay after arguing that she need not follow wither God's laws or man's claiming direct revelation from God; banished from the Puritan colony she moved to Rhode Island and later New York where she and her family were killed by Indians.
Who is Anne Hutchinson (ca. 1591-1643)?
Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony.
What is the Mayflower Compact (1620)?
Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies.
What was the Pequot War (1636-1638)?
Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation.
What is conversion?
Much-loathed administrator of the Dominion of New England, which was created in 1686 to strengthen imperial control over the New England colonies, established strict control doing away with the town meetings and popular assemblies and taxing colonists without their consent, when word of the Glorious Revolution in England reached the colonists they promptly dispatched him back to England.
Who is Sir Edmond Andros (1637-1714)?
Salem minister who advocated a complete break from the Church of England and criticized the MA Bay Colony for unlawfully taking land from the Indians; banished for his heresies, he established a small community in present-day Rhode Island, later acquiring a charter for the colony from England.
Who is Roger Williams (ca. 1603-1683)?
Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution.
What is the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)?
Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.
What was King Philip’s War (Metacom’s War) 1675-1676?
English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership.
Who are Puritans?
Dutch-born monarch and his English-born wife, daughter of King James II, installed to the British throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1689. They relaxe control over the American colonies, inaugurating a period of "salutary neglect" that lasted until the French and Indian War.
Who is William III and Mary II?
Prominent Quaker activist who founded Pennsylvania as a haven for fellow Quakers in 1681; established friendly relations with neighboring Indian tribes and attracted a wide array of settlers to his colony with promises of economic opportunity and ethnic and religious toleration.
Who is William Penn (1644-1718)?
Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England.
What is the Navigation Laws?
Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control.
What was the Dominion of New England (1686-1689)?
Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620.
Who are Separatists?