Period 1
Name one major difference between Native societies in the Southwest vs the Great Plains.
Southwest often sedentary farming (pueblos/irrigation)
Great Plains more nomadic, hunting bison (later horse-based).
Jamestown struggled at first—name one reason.
Disease, starvation, conflict, lack of planning.
“Taxation without representation” connects to which British actions? Name one.
Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Tea Act, Sugar Act.
Jefferson’s election (1800) is called the “Revolution of 1800” because…
Peaceful transfer of power between parties (Federalists → Democratic-Republicans).
What is the purpose of separation of powers?
Prevent one branch from dominating; limit tyranny.
What was one “push” and one “pull” factor for European colonization?
-Push= what is pushing people away from Europe
-Pull= what is pulling people to North America
Push: competition, religious conflict, land scarcity;
Pull: wealth (gold/fur/sugar), trade routes, land, convert natives.
Compare Chesapeake vs New England colonies (one difference).
Compare Chesapeake vs New England colonies (one difference).
Give one cause and one effect of the French & Indian War.
Cause: British/French rivalry over Ohio Valley; Effect: British debt → new taxes → colonial resistance.
Louisiana Purchase: one benefit and one constitutional issue.
Benefit: doubled land; Issue: Constitution didn’t clearly authorize purchase.
Great Compromise = what two plans combined?
Virginia Plan (population) + New Jersey Plan (equal states).
Columbian Exchange: give one crop/animal to the Americas and one disease impact.
Old to New: horses, pigs;
disease like smallpox devastated Indigenous populations.
Bacon’s Rebellion mattered because it led to what labor shift?
From indentured servants toward increased reliance on enslaved Africans.
Articles of Confederation: name one strength and one weakness.
Strength: won war/land ordinances; Weakness: no taxation, weak executive, hard to amend, no army enforcement.
Jefferson foreign policy: name one challenge abroad.
Barbary Pirates/Tripolitan War; British/French interference; embargo pressures
Three-Fifths Compromise: what did it do and why does it matter?
Counted enslaved people as 3/5 for representation/taxes → increased Southern political power.
What was the Spanish Encomienda system (basic definition + impact)?
Labor system granting Spaniards control over Indigenous labor; exploitation + population decline + cultural change.
Salutary neglect: what is it + one effect.
Britain loosely enforced laws; colonies gained self-government & economic independence.
Shays’ Rebellion pushed leaders toward what major event/document?
Constitutional Convention to U.S. Constitution.
Embargo Act of 1807: goal + result.
Goal: pressure Britain/France economically; Result: harmed U.S. economy, especially merchants
Name one power denied to the national gov under Articles but granted under Constitution
Taxation, regulate trade, raise army, enforce laws.
Explain (1–2 sentences) how environment shaped colonization in one region (New England/Chesapeake/Middle).
NE: rocky soil → fishing/shipbuilding/towns; Chesapeake: tobacco → plantation labor; Middle: grain/ports/trade.
Great Awakening: one impact on colonial society/politics.
Encouraged questioning authority, emotional religion, new denominations; ideas that fed resistance later.
Federalists vs Anti-Federalists: biggest disagreement + how it was resolved.
Power of central gov + fear of tyranny; resolved with promise/addition of the Bill of Rights.
Monroe Doctrine (basic idea + purpose).
Warned Europe to stop colonizing/interfering in Americas; protected U.S. influence in Western Hemisphere.
Explain how the Bill of Rights was both a political deal and a rights document.
Helped ratification by calming Anti-Federalist fears; protected civil liberties from federal abuse.