Pre Colonialism
A key piece of information about Native Americans is that in the 15,000 years before the arrival of Columbus they built societies that were both _________ and _________. Most of the biggest cities grew into empires as the result of the cultivation of __________ a stable crop that provided sustinance.
Distinct / diverse / varied
Complex / sophisticated
Maize
What was one thing unique to each the Spanish, French, and the British colonies in the Americas?
Spanish: focused on religion, looking to conquer/convert the native Americans, especially brutal to the natives
French: focused on a mutually beneficial (fur) trade, worked cooperatively with native Americans, even married natives for economic alliances
British: the one group that really focused on settling and building a community, brought over many more families than the Spanish or French
Explain the connection between the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary war.
The French Indian War resulted in England gaining a lot of land, but costing them financially. As a result King George felt the colonists should pay more taxes as they were the ones who were protected in the war and benefitted most from the expansion of land.
(Additionally colonists being told they were not allowed to settle much of this new land also contributed to tensions.)
What decision from his presidency did Thomas Jefferson really struggle with and why?
The Louisiana Purchase– expanded federal power while Jefferson wanted to reel it in.
How did events like the Louisiana Purchase and Mexican American War repeatedly create division and contention regarding the rights and roles of states in the early 1800s?
The three major motivations of European exploration and conquest were ...
Wealth / monetary / economic motivation
Political (military / economic) competition
Spreading Christianity / religion
This religious community settled the New England colonies, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
Puritans
What were three taxes placed on the American colonies by the British crown?
Stamp Act, Tea Act, Sugar Act
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of South America is a potentially hostile act against the US
What was one incident that fueled Southerners fears that the enslaved population would rise up, kill them, and destroy their way of life?
Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831) spiritual enslaved man who led his followers to rise up and kill 57 white men, women, and children.
Amistad (1839) slave ship unshackled themselves, rose, up and killed the crew of their ship.
(Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) first instance in the Western hemisphere of a black colony throwing off their white oppressors and establishing their own country)
John Brown's Raid / Harpers Ferry: attempt to start a slave revolt proved their concerns that the North was aggressively looking to abolish slavery and their way of life with violence if necessary
A major impact of the Columbian exchange was the decimation of indigenous populations, but to be fair this was less the result of extermination or murder and more as a result of ...
Diseases
What was a part of England's governing style that contributed to the later beliefs that American's should be free and independent?
Townhall meetings
Salutary neglect
In addition to having to pay new taxes, what was another reason the colonists were frustrated with England?
- No representation in parliament
- Quartering of troops / standing army in the colonies
- Did not have the rights of Englishmen
Identify three major philosophical disagreements between Federalists and Democrats at the beginning of the 1800s. (size and power, foreign relations, plans for expansion, constructionism, war of 1812).
| Topic | Federalists | Democratic Republicans |
|---|---|---|
| Size and Power of the National Government | Wanted a strong central government with empowered executive. | Most power should be consolidated with the states and no executive. |
| Foreign Relations | Avoid foreign entanglements and focus on building our own country. | Advocate for democracy wherever it pops up. |
| Plans for Expansion | Buying Federal land would benefit the country and is a part of elastic clause. | Buying land is not mentioned in the constitution and is not a power of the national government.Mexico |
| Constructionism | Loose constructionism– Constitution is a guide that should be followed with some flexibility | Strict constructionism– Constitution is a list of safeguards that should be followed very closely |
| War of 1812 | America is not ready for another war with England. | England needs to be held accountable for their actions and we got this! |
What were the two greatest outcomes of the Supreme Court case of Dredd Scott v. Sanford?
- Enslaved persons were not citizens and therefor had no rights in the US court system
- Enslaved persons were property and therefor, based on the Constitution, could not be taken away (freed), without just compensation
- Essentially every state could now act as a pseudo-slave state
Draw the transatlantic trade triangle and identify at least one good transported from Africa to North America, from North America to Europe, and from Europe to North America.
Africa to North America → Slaves
North America to Europe → raw materials, lumber, tobacco
Europe to North America → finished goods, luxury goods, finished metal goods, guns, horses
What were two radical demographic shifts caused by Transatlantic trade?
Native American populations were decimated (destroyed)
African slaves were introduced into the colonies (and exploded in the Southern colonies)
More stable food supplies caused population growth in Europe
How did the colonists' experiences in dealing with England shape their ideas when forming the Articles of Confederation?
What were three weaknesses of the articles of Confederation?
They feared a large government and wanted to make their new government as small, local, and weak as possible.
- Couldn't collect taxes
- Couldn't pay back debts
- Couldn't fund an army
- Couldn't control the states / trade between the states
- Too hard to amend
- No president
- No higher court system
What are two ways the Market Revolution connected the economies of Northern and Southern United States?
Transportation: steam power made it much easier to transport goods down and up stream
Interdependence: agricultural expansion in the south fueled manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries in the north
What was an advantage the South had towards the beginning of the Civil War and what were two advantages the North had at the beginning of the Civil War.
Homefield advantage– had to defend land they were familiar with rather than invade land that they were unfamiliar with
King Cotton- the belief that trade relationships with Europe would help them in the war
Superior leadership and military strategy
--
An industrial based economy focused on manufacturing that could be used to create weapons.
More financial institutions for financing the war.
A previously established government.
An official navy.
A superior railway system.
What were the names of the two labor systems forced upon native Americans by the Spanish?
(One was offered as agreeing to slave labor in exchange for protection from the Spanish crown, the other was a class system based on race.)
Encomienda and casta system
Which of the British colonies had slaves? Which colonies had the greatest numbers of slaves and why?
All of them
Chesapeake/southern colonies had a great climate for growing tobacco and other cash crops which were labor intensive.
What were three compromises the Constitutional Convention made about slavery?
3/5's compromise: 3/5s slaves would be counted towards the population count for the purpose of representation and taxation
Fugitive slave laws: a law permitting the recapture of fugitive slaves
Slave trade: Congress could not outlaw the slave trade until 1808
Identify and define three vocabulary words that describe changes to the roles and position of women during or shortly after the revolutionary war.
Homespun movement: colonial women making their own homemade goods rather than buying them from England played a key role in boycotting British goods
Daughters of liberty: gave women a political arena in which to support patriotic movements without necessarily stepping outside of their normal gender roles
Republican motherhood: the idea that women themselves should be educated if they are going to fulfill the key role of raising smart strong 'Republican' boys
Seneca falls convention: the first women's rights convention to discuss the "social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman"
Declaration of Sentiments: inspired by the Declaration of Independence it asserted the equality of all men and women and reiterates that both genders are endowed with unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Cult of domesticity: the idea that role of women's role was within the home and that "true women"were supposed to be pious, pure, domestic, and submissive
What were two ways Southerners resisted Reconstruction policies implemented after the civil war? (identify two vocabulary words)
black codes: a political system in which Black people effectively had no voice, the black codes were enforced by all-white police and state militia
Ku Klux Klan: a violent secret fraternal society founded in 1915 in Georgia to maintain white Protestant cultural and political power
Sharecropping: a legal arrangement in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land, often resulted in freedman becoming increasingly in debt and tied to the land