SUPREME (1800-1920)
The court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review
Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)
Causes
-English colonists ran out of land, wanted to move west
-French & English both claim Ohio River Valley
-Native Americans & French are upset that the English colonists moved onto their land
WAR OCCURS
- French & Native Americans vs. England, English & some Natives
Effects
-War costs a lot of money. The country must pay for soldiers, supplies, weapons
-Britain gains control of the Ohio Valley and other land the French claimed
-The new British land in the West is full of unhappy Native Americans who just lost a war and some of their land
French and Indian War
This is the political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829 - supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government, drawing its support from the "common Man". Would be the party of the south until 1900.
Democrats
The Missouri Compromise
Law proposed by Henry Clay in 1820 admitting Missouri to the U.S. as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Would establish the Mason-Dixon line to admit future states into the Union.
secession
Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation
Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."
Schenck v. U. S. (1919)
Causes
-Manifest Destiny - Pres. Polk
-US tries to by CA & NM from Mexico
-Polk tried to take by force
Effects
-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
-Texas Border Dispute - Rio Grande
-NM and CA to US for $15 million
Mexican American War (1846-1848)
Political party created in the 1790's - led by Thomas Jefferson - favored limited government and state rights - supported primarily by the "Common man". They supported the French and smaller government. This party won every election from 1800-1824 (The Era of Good Feelings)
The Democratic-Republicans
The Revolution of 1800
The Election of 1800- election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party
Carpetbagger
A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states (as viewed from the southern perspective).
Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
This military conflict was fought between the United States of America and the United Kingdom, its North American colonies, and its Native American allies. Causes included:
GB giving guns to Tecumseh in the Ohio River Valley to fight against the Americans
GB Impressing US Sailors and forcing to fight against the French Navy
Major Effects would be:
A newfound pride in America (Following The Battle of New Orleans)
The end of the Federalist Party
The War of 1812
This political party was created in the 1790s and led by Alexander Hamilton, they favored a stronger national government - Supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests. They generally supported the British in foreign affairs. The party would die following the Hartford Convention when they called for leaving the US.
The Federalists
The "Great" Compromise (Constitution)
1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.
Scalawag
A derogatory term for southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate southerners; sometimes used in a general way by southerners criticizing other southerners who had northern sympathies.
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
Recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.
Was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies, in the 1730s and 1740s. It left a permanent impact on American Protestantism. Was led by men such as George Whitefield and Johnathon Edwards. Americans were tasked with taking control of their own religious experience. Led to new colleges and religions being developed.
The (First) Great Awakening
(1840s-1850s) This political party carried anti-immigrant sentiments against the Catholic and the Irish and saw some electoral success. They were huge opponents of European Immigration at the turn of the century. They also followed the first rule of fight club.
The American Party (The Know-Nothing Party)
The Treaty of Gudalupe-Hidalgo (1848)
The Mexican government gave up the area of Texas and offered to sell the provinces of California and New Mexico as a result of its defeat in the Mexican-American War.
Exoduster
Name for the 25,000 blacks who migrated from Louisiana, Texas and Mississippi to Kansas from 1878 to 1880. Migration was stemmed when steamboat captains refused to transport more blacks over the Mississippi River.
Scott v. Sanford (1857, Taney)
Speaking for a widely divided court, Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott's residence in a free state and territory had not made him free since he returned to Missouri; Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property), thus voiding the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
Cause
USS Maine sank in Havana Harbor - Yellow Journalism
Fight Spanish government
Protect American business
Effect
US Gains Cuba, Phillippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba
Spanish American War
(1848) Political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery into new territories. This party would see supporters from men like John Brown. They would be absorbed by the Republican Party before the election of (1860)
The Free Soil Party
The Compromise of 1877
(1877) It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet, and allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to win the election. Marked the end of reconstruction.
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.