Periods 1-2
These populations lived in Central and South America before European conquest.
Maya, Inca, Aztec
BONUS: Where specifically did each population live?
This was the policy that the British colonies became accustomed to after about 1680 regarding their relationship to Britain.
Salutary Neglect
BONUS: When and why was this policy eventually reversed?
This was Thomas Jefferson's political party and it's belief about government.
Democratic-Republican; power should remain in the hands of the states.
BONUS: Why was this platform difficult for Jefferson to maintain?
This was the attitude many white Americans had about the borders of the United States prior to the Civil War (include definition).
Manifest Destiny - that America was chosen by God and would inevitably take over the North American continent.
BONUS: Name one conflict in which the United States' actions pursued this philosophy
This policy incentivized over 1.5 million families to move west, beginning in 1862.
Homestead Act
BONUS: What percentage of these families ultimately returned East?
Most of the populations living in North America practiced this type of lifestyle PRIOR to European arrival.
Mixed (Farming, hunting/gathering, and/or fishing)
BONUS: What other lifestyle did some populations practice, and where did they live?
This plan was proposed shortly after the French & Indian War began, but was rejected.
Albany Plan of Union
BONUS: Why was it rejected?
This conflict achieved little aside from establishing the United States as a major player in world affairs.
The War of 1812.
BONUS: What was the major political consequence of the war?
This treaty expanded the United States' territory nearly as much as the Louisiana Purchase had in 1803.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
BONUS: What reoccurring problem did this new territory pose for the nation?
These two factors led to the birth of the conservation movement in the late 1800s.
Deforestation & publication of photos and paintings of western landscapes
BONUS: What other environmental catastrophe occurred besides deforestation?
These were three impacts of the development of the Columbian exchange.
BONUS: give three additional impacts.
Multiple answers:
- Disease killed 90% of native populations
- European lifespans increased as a result of improved diets
- Transfer of crops, livestock, and illnesses across the Atlantic
- Increased African slave trade; enslavement of Native Americans
- Transition from feudal economy to capitalism
- Consolidation of political power in European kingdoms
- Development of joint stock companies
These were three of the biggest debates at the Constitutional Convention
1. Balancing State & Federal Power
2. Determining Representation in Congress
3. What to do about slavery
BONUS: Name the the "solutions" that dealt with these issues.
These were three of the major technological innovations that "revolutionized" the American economy in the late 1700s and early 1800s.
- Agricultural machinery: Steel plow, reaping machine, cotton gin
- Infrastructure: Canals like the Erie, later Railroads & telegraphs
- Factory system: Lowell Mills in New England led to mass production
BONUS: Which political party supported development of infrastructure during this time, and who was it's leader?
These were three of the conflicts of the 1850s that illustrated growing sectional tensions between North and South.
BONUS: Name three additional events.
- Compromise of 1850 (CA, UT & NV territories)
- Fugitive Slave Law (1850); Expansion of Underground Railroad & non-compliance of Northern states
- Free-Soil movement
- Publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)
- Formation of Republican Party (1854)
- Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
- Annexation of Texas & Mexican-American War (1844; 1846-1848)
- Bleeding Kansas (1856)
- Caning of Charles Sumner (1856)
- Panic of 1857
- Dred Scott v. Sanford ruling (1857)
- Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
- John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry (1859)
- Election of 1860; secession
These were three ways that Southern states continued to oppress African Americans in the South, even after passage of the Reconstruction Amendments.
BONUS: Name three reformers who actively challenged these conditions in the late 1800s.
These were examples of the European colonies in North America, including location, formation, treatment of natives, and economic system.
British | Spanish | Dutch | French
- British: Jamestown (VA), MA Bay & Plymouth (MA); joint-stock companies; plantation model displaced natives; cash crops like tobacco grown for export.
- Spanish: Florida + American Southwest (NM & AZ) royal colonies (appointed governors); encomienda & casta systems
- Dutch: New York (Manhattan); joint-stock companies; trade with natives
- French: St. Lawrence River (Quebec); proprietary/royal colonies; fur trade with natives; little population
BONUS: Name one additional European nation that colonized North America.
After the Stamp Act was imposed, colonists formed these two bodies to organize boycotts, protests, and other forms of resistance.
Committees of Correspondence & Stamp Act Congress
BONUS: Name two other groups that organized resistance to British taxation.
These were two of the major changes in the political and/or electoral system in Period 4 (1800-1848).
BONUS: Name two additional changes.
- Universal White Male Suffrage (end to property requirements for voting in most states)
- Party nominating conventions (rather than having legislatures choose candidates, voters did)
- Emergence of the Whig Party (Internal improvements, national bank, regional interdependence)
- Jackson's veto of the Second National Bank (caused the Panic of 1836)
- Increased importance of the South & West in elections (declining influence of New England)
- Removal of the tribes of the Southeast (cleared land for cotton plantations)
These four events led to the end of legal slavery (except as punishment for a crime) in the United States.
1. Confiscation Acts (1862)
2. Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
3. Confederate Surrender (May 1865)
4. Ratification of the 13th Amendment (December 1865)
BONUS: What economic systems replaced slavery in most of the Southern states?
These were four of the technological OR business innovations that led to industrial growth during and after the Civil War.
Steel/Bessemer Process; Transcontinental Railroad; Camera; Mechanized agricultural implements; Horizontal/Vertical integration; Holding companies; Electrical Power Plants & Power Grids; incandescent lightbulb; AC/DC currents; Electric printing press; Kerosene/Standard Oil; Electric streetcars
BONUS: Name TWO government policies that supported the expansion of industry.
This economic system was employed by the British at the time of North American colonization, and how it functioned.
Mercantilism - enrich the home country (Britain) by exploiting the resources of the colonies (tobacco, timber, crops) to increase exports of goods (manufactured products) to other nations and minimize imports.
BONUS: What were its short and long-term effects on the colonies?
These were FIVE of the achievements or major events that occurred during Washington & Adams' Presidencies.
BONUS: Name two additional achievements or events
- Establishing Federal Supremacy (Whiskey Rebellion)
- Establishing the Judiciary (Judiciary Act)
- Creating the National Bank (Hamilton's Federalist Program)
- Maintaining Neutrality (War b/w France & England)
- Establishing "relations" with the Native nations (Indian Intercourse Act; Miami Wars)
- Treaties with Britain & Spain (Jay & Pinckney's Treaties)
- XYZ Affair
- Citizen Genet Affair
- Alien & Sedition Acts/VA & KY Resolutions
These were FIVE of the reform efforts that began prior to the Civil War (1861-1865).
BONUS: Name three specific people or events associated with these movements.
1. Temperance movement (WCTU)
2. Abolition movement (W. Lloyd Garrison, F. Douglass, H. Tubman, N. Turner)
3. Asylum movement (mentally ill/prisoners)
4. Women's suffrage movement (S. B. Anthony, E. C. Stanton, L. Mott; Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
5. Education Reform (Public schools, Horace Mann)
6. Utopian Societies (Oneida, Brook Farm, Shakers)
7. Second Great Awakening (Revivalism, C. G. Finney)
8. Transcendentalists (H. D. Thoreau, R. W. Emerson, Civil Disobedience)
These were FIVE significant events that occurred during the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877)
BONUS: Name two additional achievements or events.
- Lincoln's Assassination (1865)
- 13th (1865) 14th (1868) and 15th Amendments (1870)
- Freemen's Bureau established (1865)
- Radical Republicans take over Reconstruction (1866)
- Civil Rights Act of 1866 & 1875
- Andrew Johnson's impeachment (1868)
- Institution of Black Codes in the South
- Election of Black Representatives and Senators
- Panic of 1873
- Compromise of 1877
These were FIVE impacts of political, economic, and/or social development during the Gilded Age (1865-1898)
BONUS: Name two additional impacts.
Rising wealth/income inequality; expansion of power of business and influence on government policy; concentration of political and economic power; Indian Wars & displacement of plains tribes; unification of East & West into national market; Periodic economic depressions (roughly every 20 years); emergence of Populist party as challenger to Democratic & Republican politics; multiple reform movements gain steam & achieve local/state-level changes; rising immigration & xenophobia/nativism; Chinese Exclusion Act; segregation in the South