Nature’s Influence (Thematic Lens: GEO)
The spread of this specific crop from present-day Mexico into the American Southwest supported economic development, settlement, and advanced irrigation among pre-contact societies
What is maize (or corn)?
According to the AP framework, European efforts to explore and conquer the New World were primarily driven by these three specific motivations.
What are a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity?
This is the name historians use to describe the massive global transfer of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World following 1492
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This was the system in which the Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals
What is the encomienda system?
According to the AP framework, Europeans and Native Americans asserted these conflicting perspectives regarding fundamental issues like religion, gender roles, and land use.
What are divergent worldviews?
In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard, societies developed these types of "mixed" economies that favored the development of permanent villages
What are agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies?
Driving changes in the economies of both Europe and the Americas, these organized business methods allowed multiple investors to pool their resources for international trade and colonization.
What are joint-stock companies?
The introduction of these New World crops, specifically calorie-dense potatoes and maize, had this specific demographic effect on the population of Europe
What is population growth?
The Spanish imported this specific group of people to provide labor in plantation agriculture and mining as the growth of their empire shaped new social structures
Who are enslaved Africans?
Beyond disagreements over property, Europeans and Native Americans asserted "divergent worldviews" regarding these two specific social areas
What are religion and gender roles?
Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported settled communities by utilizing hunting, gathering, and the vast resources provided by this specific geographic feature
What is the ocean?
The 'Quest for Glory' became a direct military struggle in 1588 when England defeated this supposedly 'invincible' naval force, dealing a massive blow to Spanish dominance in the Atlantic.
What is the Spanish Armada?
While the exchange brought many New World crops to Europe, it brought these specific Old World animals to the Americas, which fundamentally transformed Indigenous mobility and food systems
What are horses, cattle, and/or pigs?
The Spanish developed this specific social structure to incorporate and carefully define the status of the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire
What is a caste system?
In response to European encroachment, Indigenous groups utilized diplomacy and military resistance to protect their economic interests and this political status of self-rule.
What is political sovereignty?
In contrast to the mobile lifestyles of the Great Basin or the agricultural focus of the Southwest, Indigenous groups in these two Western regions supported large, settled communities through a unique combination of hunting, gathering, and the intensive use of ocean resources.
What are the Northwest and present-day California?
To prevent a violent clash in their 'Quest for Glory,' Spain and Portugal agreed to this 1494 treaty, which used a line of demarcation to divide all non-European lands between the two powers.
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas
The most devastating component of the Columbian Exchange for Indigenous populations was the introduction of deadly epidemics, such as smallpox, which resulted in this type of demographic change.
What is massive population decline?
To supply their American colonies with labor, European traders established strategic partnerships with groups in this specific region to facilitate the forced extraction of enslaved people.
What is West Africa?
Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans led European leaders to develop "evolving justifications" for subjugation based on these three specific factors
What are religion, culture, and race?
According to the AP framework, this was the primary driver that caused Indigenous populations to develop distinct and increasingly complex societies as they migrated across the North American continen
What is adapting to and transforming diverse environments?
The treatment of non-European peoples in the Spanish Empire was the subject of a famous 16th-century debate between these two specific religious and political leaders.
Who are Bartolomé de las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda?
According to the AP framework, the massive influx of mineral wealth from the Americas into Europe facilitated a major economic transition, moving Europe away from feudalism and toward this rising economic system
What is capitalism?
As the Spanish Empire grew, these two specific economic activities served as the primary drivers for the development of its rigid social and labor structures
What are plantation agriculture and mining?
Reflecting an early attempt at reform, the Spanish Crown issued this 1542 legal code to protect Native Americans from enslavement, largely due to the advocacy of Bartolomé de las Casas.
What are the New Laws?