Topic 2.2: EUROPEAN Colonization in the Americas/Topic 2.3: The Regions of the BRITISH COLONIES
What was the Headright System?
The Headright System allowed poor white Europeans to have their travel paid for to America if they worked as Indentured Servants. They could earn freedom, but rarely lived long enough to see freedom. Additionally, if landowners paid for their passage, they got land.
What was the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade?
The TransAtlantic Slave Trade was the forced transportation of millions of Africans to the Americas to work as enslaved laborers, forming a central part of the triangular trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
What was Metacom’s/King Phillip’s War 1675?
Metacom’s/King Phillip’s War 1675 was an attempt by the Chief of the Wampanoag and his tribe to force out the British due to encroachment on Ancestral land and destroying lifestyle. They burnt fields and captured women and children. The British retaliated by calling on Mohawk Natives to ambush and kill Metacom, leading to the end of the war
What were Slave Laws?
The establishment of Slave Laws defined African Workers as Chattel, inheritable property, and over time, laws became harsher (ex. Gave legal right to whip and kill slaves, made interracial relationships illegal, and prevented any freedom of Black people)
Define Anglicanization.
Anglicization was a period where American colonists became more like the British, both governmentally and culturally. It was accompanied period of growing frustration with the British
What were the 4 regionalized colonies?
Bonus: Explain how these societies functioned, governed themselves, handled religion, and slavery
1. New England Colonies
- Settled in 1620 in Plymouth with a strong Puritan culture
- They arrived on the Mayflower Compact
- These pilgrims didn’t like English Church theology and wanted more control
- They migrated as families
- Indentured servitude was the main labor source
2. Middle Colonies
- Originally established with the Pennsylvania Colony by William Penn
- largely religiously tolerant with lots of diversity
- rivers and streams that allowed for an export economy and agriculture of grains and cereals
3. British West Indies/Southern Atlantic Coast
- Labor-intensive growing (leading to an increase in demand for slaves)
- slaves make up the majority of the population
- Initiated Slave Codes that established Slaves as property (Chattel)
4. Southern Colonies
- Initiated with the 1607 Jamestown colony. Funded by Joint-Stock Company
- focus on economic profit (mining for gold and silver, and use of enslaved labor)
- Indentured Servitude prior to use of enforced African labor
How was trade driven by Mercantilism?
Driven by Mercantilism: Limited amount of wealth(Gold/Silver), favorable balance of trade, maximize exports, take raw materials from colony for manufactured goods, prevent trade w/ other countries
What was the Huron Confederacy?
Huron Confederacy, also known as the Wendat Confederacy, was a political alliance of Iroquoian-speaking Indigenous nations in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence region of what is now Ontario, Canada, and parts of the U.S. Midwest.
(2.7 Question)
What was the period of Enlightenment in Europe?
Enlightenment in Europe influenced many, as the shift toward reason and thought led to new philosophy and government ideals. Enlightenment took root in colonies due to Transatlantic print culture.
What was the 1st Great Awakening?
The 1st Great Awakening happened when religious leaders believed there was a loss of religious fervor, leading preachers to give sermons across America (New Light Clergy). It was inspired by German Pietism and was marked by religious revival and enthusiasm
What was Bacon's Rebellion of 1676? How did it affect enslaved labor?
As Tobacco cultivation expanded, the need for more land led to increased tensions with the natives. Colonists asked for protection from the Colony Governor, Berkeley, but he refused, resulting in Bacon’s Rebellion. During Bacon's Rebellion, natives attacked farmers, then burnt Berkeley’s own plantations.
This rebellion was eventually squashed, but caused fear of indentured servant revolt and led to an increased use of African Slaves
What was the Navigation Acts of 1763?
This act prevented British Colonies from trading with other countries in English Ships/force goods through some British Ports → Tax. Not very upheld.
- example of Mercantilism
What was the New England Confederation?
The New England Confederation was the first formal political and military alliance among English colonies in North America, established in May 1643 by delegates from Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven
In New England, smaller farms → few slaves overall.
In the Middle Colonies(the breadbasket colonies), some agricultural laborers worked on larger agricultural estates, but more often were house servants, as well as seamen and shipworkers.
Southern colonies placed a large emphasis on slavery and enforced labor
Who were Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams?
- Roger Williams (1603-1683) was a Puritan minister who founded the colony of Rhode Island as a refuge for religious dissenters. He advocated for the separation of church and state and was an early proponent of religious freedom.
- Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643) was a religious leader who challenged the established Puritan orthodoxy in Massachusetts Bay Colony. She held meetings to discuss theology and was eventually tried and banished for her beliefs, which contributed to the development of religious tolerance in the region.
What were Joint-Stock Companies?
Joint-Stock Companies were expedition paid for by investors to share risk, thus limiting liability on the mother country. The goal was to increase economic profit as the colony spent time trying to mine for gold and silver and build up a military to protect.
What was Salutary Neglect?
Salutary Neglect was a period of less involvement of Britain in the American colonies that ended in 1763. It allowed self-government to foster. Often, colonists ignored the Navigation Acts and frequently smuggled goods, including into Massachusetts Bay
What are some examples of cash crops that arose due to the Transatlantic Trade? How were these crops a major cause of the expansion of slavery?
- Increased demand for Cash Crops and American agricultural goods (Sugar, Indigo, Tobacco, etc) led to an increased demand for slaves
- A lack of Indentured Servants as a labor force contributed to a shift away from indentured slavery towards chattel slavery
What was the Stono Rebellion?
The Stono Rebellion was a South Carolina Slave Revolt where slave stole weapons and killed many whites until militia stopped them
What was King George's War?
King George's War (1744–1748) was the third of the French and Indian Wars, fought between British and French colonies in North America as part of the larger War of the Austrian Succession.
What type of colony were the North, Middle, and Southern Colonies (royal, charter, or proprietary)?
Bonus points if you can explain what the characteristics of a royal, charter, and proprietary colony are
North - majority Charter (New Hampshire – Royal colony)
Middle - majority Royal (Pennsylvania – Proprietary colony)
South - majority Royal (Maryland – Proprietary colony)
What was the Consumer Revolution, as a result of transatlantic trade?
The Consumer Revolution was a period from roughly 1600 to 1750 marked by a dramatic increase in the consumption of luxury goods and the rise of consumer culture in Europe and its colonies.
(2.7) Question:
What are some examples that show the emphasis placed on Religion in early colonial communities? (trials, sermons, etc)
[p.s. remember Puritans largely believed in Predestination and the Elect (land-owning white men)]
- Salem Witch Trials : social panic against Witches and maleficence
- City Upon A Hill: Optimistic sermon that said the Colonies were the light of the world
- Cotton Mather and John Cotton were two Puritans who enforced Puritan ideology during the Salem Witch Trials
What were Maroon Societies?
Maroon Societies were swamps and jungles in Southern America where runaway slaves lived. Maroon Societies were a form of rebellion
What is an example of a Great Awakening Speaker or Sermon?
Jonathan Edwards preached sermons that combined Enlightenment ideas with Christian ideas = Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. (Began the Great Awakening)
George Whitefield believed in Methodist ideals of salvation and the primacy of the Bible, traveling across the coast to deliver sermons to increase religious enthusiasm
[These sermons supported democratic ideals in the Bible. The poor were people and valuable, too, and provided biblical support to oppose the tyranny of colonial officials. There was also some more support for pluralism]