1: INDUSTRIALIZATION & BIG BUSINESS
This business model involved controlling every step of production, from raw materials to distribution.
What is vertical integration?
These immigrants came mostly from southern and eastern Europe between 1880–1920.
Who were “new” immigrants?
This group of workers typically faced long hours, low wages, and dangerous conditions.
Who were industrial laborers?
These farmers, African Americans who left the South in the 1870s–80s, moved west to start new communities.
Who were Exodusters?
This scandal involved the Union Pacific Railroad and congressional bribery.
What is the Crédit Mobilier scandal?
This business strategy, used by Rockefeller, involved buying out or crushing competitors.
What is horizontal integration?
Overcrowded, unsanitary apartment buildings common in cities were known by this name.
What are tenements?
This labor organization, led by Gompers, focused on skilled workers and bread‑and‑butter issues
What is the American Federation of Labor (AFL)?
This law gave 160 acres of free land to settlers willing to farm it for five years.
What is the Homestead Act?
This 1883 law ended patronage by requiring exams for many government jobs.
What is the Pendleton Civil Service Act?
A major reason the U.S. became an industrial leader was the abundance of these three key resources.
What are coal, iron, and oil?
This act (1882) became the first major federal restriction on immigration.
What is the Chinese Exclusion Act?
This 1886 event associated with anarchists turned public opinion against labor unions.
What is the Haymarket Riot?
This 1890 massacre marked the end of large‑scale armed Native resistance in the West.
What is Wounded Knee?
This nickname described the political corruption and inequality of the late 19th century.
What is the Gilded Age?
These powerful business combinations dominated entire industries and often stifled competition
What are trusts?
These organizations provided services to immigrants in exchange for their political loyalty.
What are political machines?
This major strike against Carnegie Steel was broken by Pinkertons and state troops.
What is the Homestead Strike?
This 1887 law attempted to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal land into private family farms.
What is the Dawes Severalty Act?
Tariff policy, currency debates, and civil service reform were major issues between these two political parties.
Who were the Democrats and Republicans?
This philosophy argued that economic competition and inequality were natural and justified.
What is Social Darwinism?
This reform movement sought to help immigrants through settlement houses like Hull House
What is the Social Gospel / What are settlement house reforms?
This railroad strike spread nationwide in 1894 and ended when federal troops intervened.
What is the Pullman Strike?
This Supreme Court case (1886) stated that tribes were “dependent domestic nations,” limiting their sovereignty.
What is United States v. Kagama?
These economic issues fueled the “Silver vs. Gold” debate.
What are deflation, debt, and the money supply?