Business
The theory states that businesses should be left to themselves, resulting in optimal production and prices.
Laissez-faire
Party that forms at this time for the people that fight agaisnt coroporate monopolies, railroads, bankers and they want to have the free coinage of silver and a graduated income tax.
The Populist Party
Systematic state-level legal codes of segregation.
Jim Crow
What steps did new immigrants take to try to assimilate to American Society?
Learned how to speak, eat and dress like Americans...
William M. "Boss" Tweed: "As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?"
Which of the following changes to the United States during the nineteenth century most directly contributed to the sentament above
Rapid growth of city populations often through immigration
A railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West in 1869; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution
Transcontinental Railroad
Movement that advocate for farmers and be a voice agianst unfair monopolies
Grange Movement
Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was founder of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. Was criticized for "accomodating" segregation. Progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.
Booker T. Washington
The policy, generally around immigration but also dealing with social and economic aspects of daily life, that favors native-born or long-term resident individuals in the United States at the expense of immigrants.
Nativism
“Probably no other individual [than Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1794–1877] made an equal impact over such an extended period on America’s economy and society. . . . He vastly improved and expanded the nation’s transportation infrastructure, contributing to a transformation of the very geography of the United States. . . . Far ahead of many of his peers, he grasped one of the great changes in American culture: the abstraction of economic reality, as the connection faded between the tangible world and the new devices of business, such as paper currency, corporations, and securities. . . . One person cannot move the national economy singlehandedly—but no one else kept his hands on the lever for so long or pushed so hard.” T. J. Stiles, historian, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt, 2009
Which of the following could best be used as evidence to support the argument that those like Vanderbilt contributed to a “transformation of the very geography of the United States” in the mid-1800s?
Development of Railroads
"Oil Baron", Standard Oil.
John D. Rockefeller
(1890) a law that tried to regulate trusts. It favored businesses rather than workers and was originally used to break up labor unions.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
The political agreement between the Republicans and the Democrats that ended Reconstruction in the southern states by removing the federal troops from the South in exchange for Republican Rutherford B. Hayes winning the presidency in 1876. This deal ended protections for African Americans civil rights in the South.
The Compromise 1877
Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe like Italy, Poland, Russia, Greece
"new immigrants"
This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of Wealth: ... to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer... for the community—the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren
- Andrew Carnegie The Gospel of Wealth
Andrew Carnegie advocated for what actions of the titians of industry
Philanthropy
An undisputed master of the steel industry, and 1878 won the contract to build the Brooklyn Bridge.
Protest for shorter workdays, the event involved protests, murders, and bombings in Chicago Illinois
Haymarket Square Riot
One of the Reconstruction Amendments
Provisions:
Citizenship Clause - Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.
Due Process Clause - Prohibited state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken to ensure fairness.
Equal Protection Clause - Required each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction.
14th Amendment
A population shift from rural areas to cities and the ways in which each society adapts to the change
Urbanization
“[The Pullman Association owns] very nearly 4,000 acres [of land]. . . . We will not sell an acre under any circumstances, and we will only lease to parties whom we are well satisfied will conform with our ideas in developing the place. We will not allow any saloons or drinking-resorts in the town. We shall do all we can to cultivate the better natures of our workmen. . . ."
Why were worktowns created?
to create a more productive work environment
Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.
Robber Barons
Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption. Lead by William Boss Tweed. The machine was exposed by cartoonists like Thomas Nast.
Tammany Hall
What political parties did African Americans predominatly follow during reconstruction
A multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded
Tenement
“In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their different shops.... At the center of the photograph, at Outcault’s carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city’s workshop world—yet class differences mark these craftsmen’s every feature.... Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufactory seals off its employees from the street and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new.” Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984
Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?
Technological innovations in the production of goods
Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power
Sometimes referred to as a shadow government
Rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations
Political Machine
Included bankers, entrenched capitalists, creditors, and investors who thought this would:
Allow currency to hold its value, since gold-backed money is less susceptible to inflation.
Increase the value of gold as the population expanded.
Supporters of Hard Money
1896 court case that validated the South's segreationalist social order, ruling "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause of the 14th Amendment.
Plessy v. Ferguson
The first major legal restriction on immigration to the U.S. in 1882; prohibited further unskilled Chinese immigration in order to reduce competition for jobs.
Chinese Exclusion Act
This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of Wealth: ... to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer... for the community—the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren
- Andrew Carnegie The Gospel of Wealth
What commonly heald belief would this quote back up
Social Darwinsim