Business
This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic thought dominated most of the time period of the Industrial Revolution.
laissez-faire
law that prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly. It also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers set up a Commission to administer and enforce the new legislation across state lines
Interstate Commerce Act
systematic state-level legal codes of segregation.
Jim Crow
creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.
Samuel Gompers
Book published in 1900 that was an allegory for the populist movement.
What is the Wizard of Oz
a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded
Tenement
"Oil Baron", ceated Standard Oil.
John D. Rockefeller
(1890) a law that tried to regulate trusts. It favored businesses rather than workers and was originally used to break up labor unions.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1896 court case that validated the South's segreationalist social order, ruling "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause of the 14th Amendment.
Plessy v. Ferguson
(1894) strike in Chicago led by Eugene Debs for railroad workers that spread nationwide. President Grover Cleveland called in federal troops to put down the strike.
Pullman Strike
This party was composed of western farmers, poor southern democrats and supported silver money and regulation of railroads, direct election of senators, etc.
What is the populist party.
In the late 19th century immigration shifted from Western and Northern europe to
Southern and Eastern Europe
technique used by Carnegie where he combined into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing.
Vertical Integration
(1883) law that reformed the patronage system; created civil service and banned requirement of government workers to support political campaigns.
Pendleton Act
Civil Rights law that made discrimination in Public Accomadation illegal.
Civil Rights Act of 1875.
American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States.
Eugene V. Debs
The application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to the business world; used by industrialists and social conservatives to discourage any government regulation in society and explain why they were getting so rich.
Social Darwinism
The first major legal restriction on immigration to the U.S. in 1882; prohibited further unskilled Chinese immigration in order to reduce competition for jobs.
Chinese Exclusion Act
a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West in 1869; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution
transcontinental railroad
A farmer's group believed that giving differential rates to customers was corrupt.
Grange, or Farmer's Alliance, or Populist PArty
the political agreement between the Republicans and the Democrats that ended Reconstruction in the southern states by removing the federal troops from the South in exchange for Republican Rutherford B. Hayes winning the presidency in 1876. This deal ended protections for African Americans civil rights in the South.
The Compromise 1877
Violent labor conflict in Carnegie's mills
Henry Frick (manager) announced pay cut
Strike had to be put down by state militia in 1892
Homestead Strike
Journalists that exposed corruption and horrible working conditions in US industries.
Muck rakers
A population shift from rural areas to cities and the ways in which each society adapts to the change
urbanization
Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil)
horizontal integration
Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption. Lead by William Boss Tweed. The machine was exposed by cartoonists like Thomas Nast.
Tammany Hall
an African-American leader who promoted the idea of African Americans gaining practical education and skills to raise them selves up. Founded Tuskegee Institute
Booker T. Washington
Supreme Court ruling from 1886 that declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.
Wabash v. Illinois
Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.
Robber Barons
Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe like Italy, Poland, Russia, Greece
"new immigrants"
A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other.
trust
Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power
Sometimes referred to as a shadow government
Rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations
Political Machine
One of the Reconstruction Amendments
Provisions:
Citizenship Clause - Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.
Due Process Clause - Prohibited state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken to ensure fairness.
Equal Protection Clause - Required each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction.
14th Amendment
protest for shorter workdays, the event involved protests, murders, and bombings in Chicago Illinois
Haymarket Square Riot
American inventor who popularized the light bulb, and invented motion pictures (movies).
Who is Thomas Edison
Wobblies, or International Workers of the World, or IWW.