1491-1609
Why was maize important in the agricultural development of Native American societies?
It changed groups from hunter/gatherer societies into agricultural-based societies and it allowed for more development of sophisticated agricultural techniques.
Which were the Southern colonies and what was the basis of their economy?
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Their economy was based on agriculture: the plantation system & cash crops.
What led to the Proclamation of 1763 and what did it do?
After the French & Indian War, Pontiac's Rebellion led the British to issue the proclamation to prevent further conflicts with the Native Americans. It prohibited any American colonists from moving west of the Proclamation line, reserving those western lands for Native Americans.
What were the key differences between the Federalists & Democratic-Republicans in the early republic?
Federalists believed in a strong central government, a broad interpretation of the Constitution, and were more focused on business & trade for economic growth. Democratic-Republicans believed in states' rights, a strict interpretation of the Constitution, and tended to be more agrarian (farmers).
These were reasons for westward migration? (Manifest Destiny)
Access to natural and mineral resources, economic opportunities for settlers, Gold Rush, religious refuge (Mormons), etc.
What was the encomienda system?
A system used by the Spanish to enslave Native Americans under the guise of Christianizing them.
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. They were established by groups seeking to freely practice their religion, particularly Pilgrims (Separatists) & Puritans.
What were three effects or impacts of the Seven Years' (French & Indian) War?
France was removed from continental North America, Britain was in MASSIVE debt, they ended salutary neglect, and began taxing the colonists. The war altered the relationship between the British and the colonists.
What was significant about the Marshall Court case decisions? (Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall)
They established the power and role of the Supreme Court, including the principle of judicial review (Marbury v. Madison)
These were the effects/impacts of the Mexican-American War & the Mexican cession?
It led to more debate over the status of slavery in the new territories (Wilmot Proviso, Compromise of 1850, etc.) and increased sectionalism in the country.
What was the greatest impact of European contact in the New World?
Diseases that the Europeans brought to the New World from the Old World that killed up to 90% of the native population.
What were the Navigation Acts and how did colonists respond to them?
The Navigation Acts were laws passed by Great Britain stating the colonies could only trade with them. They resulted in resistance from both the Dutch and American Colonies and caused three commercial wars between the Dutch and the British.
This is the call for women to teach republican values within the family and provided educational opportunities for women.
"Republican Motherhood"
What were three effects/impacts of the Second Great Awakening?
It led to moral and social reforms (abolitionism, women's rights, temperance, etc.); new religions & utopian communities arose (Church of Jesus Christ of LDS, Oneida, etc.); camp meetings & "burned-over" district; transcendentalism, etc.
What was the purpose of the Compromise of 1850 and what did it include?
Settled the question of slavery expansion in the Mexican cession - popular sovereignty would be used in Utah & New Mexico territories, California was added as a free state, a more strict fugitive slave law was created.
Define & explain triangular trade.
A trade network that involved Europe trading weapons and alcohol to Africa for enslaved people, who were then transported through the Middle Passage to the Americas. The Americas then sent raw goods and cash crops to Europe.
What were the causes and effects of Bacon's Rebellion?
Farmers, current & former indentured servants, & the landless poor revolted against the Virginia government because they felt they weren't being protected from Native American attacks. One effect was an increase of the slave trade as it was assumed slaves would be an easier to control work force.
What was the message of Thomas Paine's "Common Sense?"
It encouraged America to break away from England because it was the only thing that made logical sense. It also helped influence the Declaration of independence.
How did the production of goods & the economy change during the Market Revolution?
Goods were increasingly made outside the home. Women and men began working in factories; the economy began to shift from a focus on agriculture to a focus on industry.
Explain the significance of Harriet Beecher Stowe and what she created.
She was an abolitionist and the author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," an anti-slavery novel which became the most popular book in the country. It demonstrated the evils of slavery by appealing to people's emotions and solidified many Northerners in a position against slavery.
What was the Valladolid Debate regarding?
In what ways did the three groups of colonies (New England, Middle, & Southern) differ in their culture & society?
The New England colonies tended to be strictly religious (except for Rhode Island) with close-knit, homogenous families. The Middle colonies were more tolerant and diverse and had larger immigrant populations. The Southern colonies had weaker family structure as the focus was on cash crops; higher slave population.
What were three weaknesses with the Articles of Confederation and how were they fixed in the Constitution?
The federal government was broke and had no power to tax; the Constitution gave Congress the power to tax. States had too much power and were operating like independent countries; the Constitution became the supreme law over the states. There was no leader, just a weak Congress; the Constitution created three branches of government with an executive (president).
Why did we need the Missouri Compromise and what were the terms of the compromise?
It settled the question of slavery expansion into the Louisiana territory. It allowed Maine in as a free state, Missouri in as a slave state, and drew a line at the 36 30' line above which slavery would be banned.
Explain two positive and two negative effects of Reconstruction period policies and events.
Positive: 14th & 15th Amendments, Freedman's Bureau, African-Americans in politics
Negative: Backlash from southern whites (black codes, KKK), further devastated southern economy, continued to divide country, etc.