Category A
A system whereby colonial land holders offered freedom dues to people who immigrated from England, whereby the master received 50 acres of new land for every servant imported. This laid the foundation for the southern merchant planter society.
Headrights System
An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers. Bryan supported bimetallism or "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity.
Cross of Gold Speech
A part of Henry Clay's, American System, to unite the United States. The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution.
Internal Improvements
(1848) The first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written. It was also the start of the Women's Rights movement. The feminist movement also supported and participated in other reform movements such as the abolitionist and transcendentalist movements.
Seneca Falls
The condition of many landless, English people who came to America with their passage paid by a landlord for whom they would work for a specified number of years. Once the period of indenture was satisfied, the person was freed, along with freedom dues, often including a parcel of land. The land given was often encroached on Native Americans and it was this class of poor white farmers that made up Bacon's army when he rebelled against governor Berkeley.
Indentured Servitude
A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. It was an attempt to replace slavery, as a majority of the sharecroppers were the recently freed African Americans who were unskilled laborers.
Sharecropper
The covenant that allowed baptized children of congregants into the Church partially, leading to a dilution of the "elect" and this represented the decline in power of the original New England clergy elite (colonial American religious institutions).
Half-Way Covenant
White encroachments harassed the Southeast's' Native American. In 1828, the Georgia state government declared the Cherokee government illegal, asserting state jurisdiction. While the Supreme Court upheld the Native Americans' claims,President Jackson refused to recognize the court's' authority. Jackson's' administration resettle the Native Americans West of the Mississippi River, and on the journey to the new established reservations, around 4,000 Natives died.
Trail of Tears
in the civil war the states between the north and the south: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, and later, West Virginia. Lincoln catered to these states by framing the Union cause as one for Union only and not pertaining to the ongoing struggle of slavery. These border states were significant because they had large manufacturing capacity and granted control of the Ohio River.
Border States
A relaxing of English enforcement of its Navigation laws coupled with the English policy of allowing colonial legislatures, local autonomy, and power, with respect to colonial affairs.
Conditions:
1. America lacked the European feudal aristocracy.
2. Americans inspired to the improvement of fortune through the access to land.
3. Colonial Americans exercise greater independence with the respect to centralized authority.
Salutary Neglect
(14th) Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws. (15th) Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race or color, explicitly granted black males the franchise (right to vote).
14th & 15th Amendments
A decisive battle that boosted Americans' morale and caused France to become an American ally.
Battle of Saratoga
A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It industrialized cotton and the practice of planting cotton moved West with this invention.
Cotton Gin
A limited document (as it did not pertain to all the states), the Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union. It influenced world opinion by moving middle and lower classes of Britain closer to the Union cause.
Emancipation Proclamation
A line promulgated by the British government that suspended colonial settlement beyond the Appalachian divide. Created because of friction between Native Americans and white people. However, it upset Americans because of Britain's meddling and it created defiance.
Proclamation of 1763
Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back. Started with railroad tycoons/corporations.
Stock Watering
A concept embedded in Thomas Paine's, Common Sense, that stated a republic be founded upon a citizen body that disregards self interest for selfless commitment to the progression of the greater commonwealth. While appreciated by the lower and middle class, the upper classes called instead for a republic ruled by better men elected from higher classes.
Civic Virtue
Admitted California as a free state, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery. CA admission as a free state tipped the senatorial balance to the North's favor, and the balance would ever return. The Fugitive Slave Act created a firestorm of indignation and moderates who had not supported the Abolitionist movements were driven to its support. The Compromise of 1850, worked in the North's favor.
Compromise of 1850
A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition. Was a corrupt practice, caused problems with smaller businesses as they could not compete.
Trust
In response to the British Stamp Act of 1765, delegates from 9 of the 13 colonies drafted a statement of colonial rights and statements in which they appealed to the King and Parliament. This represented a step towards colonial defiance of Britain's efforts to tax and control the colonies.
Stamp Act Congress
A horizontal integration consists of companies that acquire a similar company in the same industry. Vertical integration consists of companies that acquire a company that operates either before or after the acquiring company in the production process. Started with Andrew Carnegie and J.D. Rockefeller.
Vertical and Horizontal Integration
The Judiciary Act of 1801, was an attempt by Adams to fill in seats of the government with Federalists before Jefferson came into office. William Marbury, a "midnight judge" of Adams, sued James Madison for withholding Marbury's commission under the command of Thomas Jefferson. John Marshall dismissed the case and ruled the Judiciary Act of 1801 unconstitutional. This judicial act established the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review, as the judicial branch ruled over a legislative act, maintaining the system of checks and balances.
Marbury v. Madison
A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.
Bleeding Kansas
A member or adherent of the Populist political party seeking to represent the interests of ordinary people. The Populist Party attempted to revolt against the Democratic and Republican parties, and hoped to bring greater attention to the farmers who made up the majority of America's population, and their interests and difficulties. These farmers had been suffering from crop failures, falling prices, poor marketing, and lack of credit facilities, these problems they hoped the created Populist Party would help better address.
Populist
A rebellion protesting the federal excise on distilled spirits. President Washington raised a militia that intervened the rebellion, and consequently terminating it. This demonstrated the new power of the federal government under Washington's rule.
Whiskey Rebellion