Native Societies & Environment
This crop spread northward from present-day Mexico and supported economic development, settlement, and social diversification.
Corn
This 1494 agreement divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.
Treaty of Tordesillas
The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607.
Jamestown
Pilgrims signed this agreement in 1620, pledging self-government.
Mayflower Compact
The British economic policy that restricted colonial trade to benefit the mother country
Mercantilism
Name one way the Great Plains and the Great Basin’s geography influenced the lifestyles of societies living there.
They adopted largely mobile lifestyles, relying on bison hunting due to aridity and lack of resources.
Define the “three Gs” of European exploration
God, Gold, and Glory
John Rolfe made this crop Virginia’s economic lifeline.
tobacco
John Winthrop’s sermon envisioned Massachusetts Bay as a_________
“city upon a hill”
Name one triangular trade route exchange involving the Americas.
Slaves to the Americas, sugar to Europe, manufactured goods to Africa
The Mississippian culture was known for constructing these monumental earthworks.
What are mounds
What was the encomienda system, and how did it affect Native populations?
Spanish granted landowners the right to Native labor in exchange for Christianization, leading to exploitation and demographic decline.
In 1619, Virginia established this representative assembly.
House of Burgesses
Anne Hutchinson was exiled for promoting this theological view, which rejected the need for moral law in determining salvation.
Antinomianism
The Stono Rebellion of 1739 was led by this group of people
Enslaved Africans in South Carolina
Contrast the subsistence patterns of Pacific Northwest societies with those of the Southwest.
The Pacific Northwest relied on fishing and ocean resources, while the Southwest used irrigation agriculture with maize and adobe settlements.
Compare French and Dutch colonial economies to Spanish and British models.
French and Dutch focused on fur trade and alliances with Natives, while Spanish and British emphasized resource extraction, agriculture, and settlement.
Describe one cause and one effect of Bacon’s Rebellion
Cause: frontier tensions with Native Americans and resentment of elite control. Effect: short-term expansion of rights for white settlers, suppression of rebellion, shift toward racial slavery.
Roger Williams founded this colony, notable for religious toleration and the separation of church and state.
Rhode Island
Define “salutary neglect” and explain one way it shaped colonial political development.
British policy of lax enforcement of trade and colonial laws; encouraged self-government and legislative assemblies.
Explain how the spread of maize cultivation transformed the political and social organization of societies in the Mississippi Valley.
It allowed permanent settlements, population growth, social stratification, and complex chiefdoms like Cahokia.
Explain how the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 challenged Spanish control and reshaped colonial-Native relations.
Pueblo peoples temporarily expelled Spaniards, destroyed missions, and forced Spain to adopt a more accommodating approach after reconquest.
Explain how Bacon’s Rebellion contributed to the shift from indentured servitude to racialized slavery.
Planters turned to African slavery as a more permanent labor source, while legal codes restricted rights of Black people, creating a race-based system.
Identify two social or religious reasons why the Salem Witch Trials spiraled in 1692, and explain one reason why they ended.
Causes: social tensions, fear of the Devil, gender expectations, land disputes. Ended when elite figures were accused and the governor disbanded the court.
Explain how the First Great Awakening altered colonial society and identity across regions.
It sparked evangelical fervor, challenged established churches, promoted new denominations, and fostered a shared transcolonial identity.