French and Indian War
The French and Indian War was a war between the ____________ and the _____________
French (allied with the Native Americans) and British
Describe why the British put new taxes in place after the French and Indian Wa
Initiate new taxation policies to decrease war debt (Stamp Act, Sugar Act)
Name two Enlightenment thinkers that influenced the American Revolution
John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rosseau
Olive Branch Petition: July 1775
Last and final appeal sent by Second Continental Congress to King George III as a final attempt to avoid a full-scale war
Requested British appeal oppressive policies
King refused and declared colonists in a state of rebellion
What caused the French and Indian War?
Land disputes in the Ohio River Valley
Name and describe two taxation policies that required colonists to pay extra on purchased goods
Sugar Act (1764): taxes goods like wine, coffee and sugar
Stamp Act (1765): required colonists to pay a tax on paper goods such as newspapers, legal documents, etc.
What are "natural rights"?
all humans are born with rights and they are god-given, not given by a monarch or a King
Therefore, a monarch or a king cannot take someone's rights away
Advocates for elected representatives, NOT hereditary leadership
Name two factors that propelled the colonists into an unlikely victory against Great Britain.
-George Washington's leadership
-French alliance
-Black soldiers fought
Name three effects of the French and Indian War
possible answers:
-colonists want more Western land
-Proclamation Line of 1763
-British national debt doubled - new taxes on colonists
-British end salutary neglect
-French kicked off continent
-Land East of Mississippi goes to British
Name and describe two organizations formed in the colonies to resist the new taxation policies passed by Britain
Stamp Act Congress: representatives from 8 colonies met to form coordinated response to the tax.Weren't immediately advocating for independence; just repeal of taxes and a say in Parliament
Daughters of Liberty: formed by women in response to taxed. Boycotted goods. Spinning and weaving own cloth (spinning bees)
What is Jean-Jacques Rosseau's Social Contract Theory?
Social Contract Theory: given that the power to govern is in the hands of the people, that means people share a social contract with their government.
People agree to give up some of their power to a government as long as that government agrees to protect their rights
If laws are passed that infringe on those rights, the laws are null and void
Why was the Battle of Saratoga (1777) a turning point in the Revolutionary War
French agreed to ally with Americans
Describe the policy of Salutary Neglect and why it changed following the French and Indian War.
Salutary neglect: unofficial British policy of not enforcing laws in the American Colonies from 1651 to 1764.
King abandons the policy of salutary neglect to tax colonies
Believed they could recoup money they lost in the war
Define Collective Intent and explain two policies under it
have the colonists pay their "fair share" as members within the British Empire. Led to policies like:
Proclamation of 1763
Quartering Act
Stamp Act & Sugar Act
What was Thomas Paine's main argument in Common Sense and why did it go so viral?
Argued for independence from Great Britain
Lays out an argument for separating from Britain using everyday language
Incorporated Enlightenment thought
Define and explain the influence of the Peace of Paris Treaty (1783)
Britain recognized America as an independent nation with boundaries east of the Mississippi river
Describe the Albany Congress and its significance during the French and Indian War
Colonies would establish council of representatives from multiple regions to come up with a plan for frontier defense, trade, westward expansion
Plan rejected but important because it lay foundation for future Congresses and coming together to fight common enemy
Define virtual representation and explain why the colonists despised it.
Virtual representation= role of Parliament was to legislate on behalf of the colonists (rather than include them in the legislative process)
Describe the accomplishments of the Second Continental Congress and explain how they included Enlightenment thoughts in the Declaration of Independence.
Formal resolution for independence is debated here
Thomas Jefferson tasked with writing Declaration of Independence
Included Enlightenment Ideals like natural rights and social contract
Delegates accepted it July 2, 1776 and two days later its made public
Led colonists directly into a war with Britain
Name the first attempt at a national government in the US. Describe one strength and one weakness of this government.
Articles of Confederation
Strengths:
-Northwest Territory (process for settling new lands out West)
Weaknesses:
-No power to tax
-No power to raise an army
-No executive
-No judicial