Period 1 (1491-1607)
the widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, cultures, and people between the "New World" (Americas) and the "Old World" (Europe, Asia, Africa)
Columbian Exchange
the system of trade that occurred across the Atlantic Ocean between Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the colonial period, primarily involving the exchange of goods like raw materials from the Americas, manufactured goods from Europe, and enslaved people from Africa.
Transatlantic Trade
a global conflict between Great Britain and France that took place in the mid-18th century in North America, primarily fought over control of territory in the Ohio Valley and other colonial regions, ultimately resulting in a major British victory and significantly altering the balance of power in the Americas
the acquisition of a vast territory from France by the United States in 1803, effectively doubling the size of the country and opening up large swaths of land for westward expansion.
Louisiana Purchase
the 19th-century belief that the United States was divinely ordained to expand its territory across the entire North American continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, justifying westward expansion and often leading to the displacement of Native American populations
Manifest Destiny
a Spanish colonial labor system where conquistadors and other leaders were granted a group of indigenous people, from whom they could extract labor or tribute in exchange for supposed protection and religious instruction, often resulting in a form of forced labor and exploitation of the native population.
Encomienda System
Who were the 4 European Powers who colonized North America?
English, Dutch, French and Spanish
a British law passed in 1765 that required colonists to pay a tax on all printed materials, like newspapers, legal documents, and playing cards, first direct tax on colonists.
Stamp Act
a conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain primarily due to British practices like impressment of American sailors, seizure of American ships, and support for Native American resistance on the American frontier
War of 1812
Who was the President during the Civil War?
Abraham Lincoln
What werenthe primary motivations behind European exploration and colonization during the Age of Discovery?
The Puritans, a religious group, settled "here" to create a society based on their beliefs.
an 18th-century intellectual movement that emphasized the use of reason and logic to re-evaluate accepted ideas and social institutions, promoting concepts like natural rights, individual liberty, and a social contract
Enlightenment
a major political conflict during Andrew Jackson's presidency where he vehemently opposed the Second Bank of the United States.
Bank Wars
What was the first state to secede from the Union during the Civil War?
South Carolina
What was the first permanent ENGLISH settlement in North America?
Jamestown
a significant uprising by a Native American tribes against Spanish colonizers in New Mexico in 1680, where they successfully drove the Spanish out of the region for a period of time due to harsh treatment and religious persecution imposed by the Spanish.
Pueblo Revolt
the first written constitution of the United States, and it established a weak central government that unified the 13 newly independent states.
Articles of Confederation
the widespread adoption of new technologies like steamboats and railroads, which allowed for the rapid movement of goods across the country, leading to a shift from a largely self-sufficient, agrarian society to a more interconnected, capitalist market economy with increased factory production and urbanization
Market Revolution
a novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 that depicted the horrors of slavery, significantly influencing public opinion in the North against slavery and escalating sectional tensions between the North and South, ultimately contributing to the Civil War
Uncle Tom's Cabin
a social and racial classification system used by the Spanish in their colonies to maintain a hierarchy based on ancestry.
Casta System
an economic system where a nation aims to maximize its wealth and power through trade by encouraging exports and limiting imports, often using colonies to acquire raw materials and then selling finished goods back to them, essentially enriching the mother country at the expense of its colonies.
Mercantilism
What 3 things did Washington warn about in his farewell address?
Sectionalism, Political Parties, and Foreign Entanglements
Name 3 Reform Movements.
temperance, creating public school systems, improving the treatment of prisoners, the mentally-ill, the poor, abolishing slavery, and gaining voting rights for women.
the period following the American Civil War when the federal government attempted to rebuild the Southern states, integrate formerly enslaved people into society, and establish new political and legal systems that guaranteed their basic rights, including the right to vote, after the abolition of slavery
Reconstruction Era