Unit 1
The transfer of goods, crops, diseases, and people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
What is Columbian Exchange
The transatlantic commercial system in which enslaved Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas to provide labor for colonial economies.
What is Atlantic Slave Trade
Formally drafted by Thomas Jefferson, this document listed colonial grievances against King George III and announced the birth of the sovereign United States.
What is the Declaration of Independence
The widely held 19th-century belief that the United States was divinely ordained to expand its territory across the North American continent.
What is Manifest Destiny
The 16th US President who led the Union through the Civil War with the primary goal of preserving the Union, later issuing the Emancipation Proclamation.
What is Abraham Lincoln
A Spanish labour system that enslaved indigenous people in exchange for conversion to Christianity.
What is Encomienda System
Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God.
What is First Great Awakening
A viral pamphlet arguing that it was logical for the colonies to break free from British tyranny.
What is Common Sense
The 1823 foreign policy declaration by President James Monroe stating that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to further European colonization and interference.
What is Monroe Doctrine
The period after the Civil War when the federal government attempted to rebuild the South and integrate formerly enslaved people into society.
What is Reconstruction
Small, regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular cells. Allowed for the exploration of the western shores of Africa.
What is Caravel
A 1680 uprising by Pueblo Indians against Spanish colonial rule in the Southwest, resulting in temporary Spanish withdrawal and later Spanish accommodation of American Indian culture.
What is Pueblo Revolt
Punitive laws passed by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.
What is Intolerable Acts
A political confrontation in 1832–1833 between South Carolina and the federal government, sparked when South Carolina declared the federal Tariff of 1828 unconstitutional and threatened to secede.
What is Nullification Crisis
A landmark Supreme Court case ruling that enslaved people were not citizens and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in western territories.
What is Dred Scott v. Sandford
Agricultural system employed by Native Americans that grew together maize, beans, and squash to maximize yields.
What is Three-Sisters Farming
An economic policy pursued by European nations, including Britain, to accumulate wealth and power through controlling trade and acquiring colonies.
What is Mercantilism
An ideology that gained prominence after the war, stressing that women were vital to the republic because they were responsible for raising civic-minded, virtuous citizens.
What is Republican Motherhood
A legislative agreement brokered by Henry Clay that admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of the 36 30' parallel.
What is Missouri Compromise
A series of violent political confrontations in Kansas (1854–1859) between anti-slavery "Free-Staters" and pro-slavery "Border Ruffians."
What is Bleeding Kansas
Treaty between Spain and Portugal that split up South America between the two countires with Portugal getting part of what would become Brazil, and Spain the rest of the continent.
What is Treaty of Tordesillas
An economic system based on large-scale cultivation of staple crops for export, dependent on enslaved African labor, characteristic of southern colonies and the British West Indies.
What is Plantation Economy
A formal announcement declaring the U.S. neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and Revolutionary France, setting a foundational precedent for American isolationist foreign policy.
What is Neutrality Proclamation
A widespread reform campaign aimed at limiting or completely banning the production and consumption of alcoholic beverages to curb societal ills.
What is Temperance Movement
An agricultural system where a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced. It frequently resulted in cycle-of-debt peonage for formerly enslaved workers.
What is Sharecropping