Unit 5
A period of industrialization that began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other parts of Europe and North America in the 19th century. Marked by the development of new technologies that transformed manufacturing, transportation, and communication.
First Industrial Revolution
A meeting held in 1884-1885 in Germany, where European powers divided Africa into colonies and spheres of influence without the participation of African leaders or representatives. This led to the colonization and exploitation of Africa.
Berlin Conference
An authoritarian political ideology that emerged in Europe in the early 20th century, characterized by extreme nationalism, militarism, anti-democratic values, and a one-party state system, often associated with totalitarianism, racism, and imperialism.
Fascism
The process of ending colonial rule and establishing independence in former colonies around the world, which gained momentum after World War II and continued into the 20th century, often marked by nationalist movements, struggles for civil rights, and political and economic challenges.
Decolonization
A process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among people, cultures, economies, and societies around the world, facilitated by advances in technology, transportation, and communication, and characterized by the flow of goods, services, capital, information, and people across borders.
Globalization
A period of industrialization that occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily in Western Europe and the United States. Characterized by the development of new technologies such as fossil fuels, electricity, the internal combustion engine, and the assembly line.
Second Industrial Revolution
A period of intense European competition and colonization in Africa during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, motivated by economic, political, and social factors, including the desire for resources, markets, and power.
Scramble for Africa
A series of economic plans implemented in the Soviet Union and other socialist states during the 20th century, aimed at rapid industrialization and collectivization, typically through state planning, command economy, and quotas.
5 Year Plan
A period of geopolitical tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union from the end of World War II to the early 1990s, characterized by ideological, political, military, and economic rivalry, proxy wars, nuclear arms race, and the division of the world into two blocs.
Cold War
A set of agricultural technologies and practices introduced in the 1960s and 1970s, aimed at increasing agricultural productivity, food security, and rural development, through the use of high-yielding crop varieties, irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, and mechanization, but often associated with environmental and social impacts.
Green Revolution
An economic and political system that emerged in the 19th century, focused on the collective ownership and control of the means of production, with the goal of achieving greater equality and social justice.
Socialism
Also known as the Indian Mutiny, a widespread revolt against British rule in India in 1857-1858 by Indian soldiers and civilians, sparked by various factors, including British attempts to impose Christianity and Indian resentment of British social, political, and economic domination.
Sepoy Rebellion
A series of domestic policies and programs implemented by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression in the 1930s, aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform, including public works projects, social welfare programs, and financial regulation.
The New Deal
A foreign policy strategy adopted by the United States during the Cold War, aimed at preventing the spread of communism and Soviet influence, often through military alliances, economic aid, and diplomatic pressure, and associated with the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan.
Containment
A social and economic system that emphasizes the acquisition, use, and disposal of goods and services as a primary source of personal identity, social status, and cultural values, often driven by advertising, mass media, and global markets, and associated with environmental degradation, inequality, and social dislocation.
Consumerism
An economic system that emerged during the First Industrial Revolution, characterized by private ownership of the means of production, market competition, and the pursuit of profit. It became dominant in the West during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Capitalism
Beginning in 1850, this was an uprising of starving peasants, workers, and miners to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. This rebellion would weaken China leading to disorder and political instability. With the help of warlords and the French and British government, the Qing prevailed.
Taiping Rebellion
A system of mandates established by the League of Nations after World War I, in which European powers were granted control over former Ottoman territories in the Middle East and Africa, with the aim of promoting their development and eventual independence, but often leading to exploitation, conflict, and nationalist movements.
Mandate System
An economic and social campaign led by the Chinese Communist Party from 1958 to 1962. CCP Chairman Mao Zedong launched the campaign to reconstruct the country from an agrarian economy into a communist society through the formation of people's communes.
The Great Leap Forward
A worldwide outbreak of a disease that affects a large proportion of the population and spreads across borders, often causing significant social, economic, and health impacts, and requiring global cooperation and coordination to contain and manage.
Pandemic
An economic and political ideology that emerged in the 19th century, advocating for the collective ownership of the means of production, the elimination of social classes, and the creation of a classless society. It became a major force in the 20th century, particularly in the Soviet Union and China.
Communism
A violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian movement in China from 1899 to 1901, led by a secret society called the Boxers, that sought to expel foreigners and restore traditional Chinese values, resulting in a military intervention by an international coalition and significant political and economic concessions imposed on China.
Boxer Rebellion
The right of peoples or nations to determine their own political status, form of government, and economic, cultural, and social development, often associated with nationalist movements, decolonization, and the emergence of new states.
Self Determination
A political and economic reform program initiated by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, aimed at restructuring and modernizing the Soviet economy and society, promoting market mechanisms, decentralization, and democratization, and reducing state control, but often leading to political instability, social unrest, and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Perestroika
A system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the South African government from 1948 to the early 1990s, in which the white minority held political, economic, and social power, while the black majority was deprived of citizenship, land, education, and basic rights, leading to international condemnation, sanctions, and resistance movements.
Apartheid