Humans and the Environment
A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort; most notably WWI.
What is total war?
Political policy in started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created communist China; an attack on traditional Chinese cultural values.
What was the Cultural Revolution?
A document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on the independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate.
What was the Jamaica Letter?
(1871-1914) This involved the development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing.
What is the 2nd Industrial Revolution?
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in cities as opposed to the countryside.
What is Urbanization?
A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield; used prolifically during WWI.
What is Trench Warfare?
The global flow of this resource linked Spanish colonial extraction in the Americas to Asian consumer demand, helping stabilize one empire’s tax system while simultaneously increasing European participation in East Asian trade
What is Silver?
A raw material desired by the Europeans during the Scramble for Africa.
What were palm oil, rubber, gold, ivory, and/or diamonds?
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
An Enlightenment concept; an agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed.
What is the Social Contract?
This theorist wrote the "Wealth of Nations."
Who was Adam Smith?
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their racism and imperialist expansion.
What was Social Darwinism?
Bombs dropped on Germany and Japan with intention to spread fires and take down cities
What are firebombs/firebombing?
This social program caused the greatest famine in modern Chinese history.
What was the Great Leap Forward?
Laws in Germany that targeted Jews and forced them into ghettos.
What were the Nuremberg Laws?
The name of the association of countries not associated with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
What was the Non-Aligned Movement?
plans outlined by Joseph Stalin in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Union's economy; wanted to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI; tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but in famine
What were the Five Year Plans?
South African social policy and racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites; ended c. 1994
What is Apartheid?
In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and Westernization effort.
What was the Meiji Restoration?
The Industrial Revolution led to this form of crowded housing.
What were tenements?
A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.
What is Zionism?
Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.
What is the Mandate system?
A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based (capitalist) economy and society
What is Perestroika?
A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area; a result of migration movements driven by industrialization.
What is an ethnic enclave?
This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production; conceived c. 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver.
What is the Spinning Jenny
"mother city"; many people from former colonies moved to these locations; maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony even after the dissolution of empires.
What is a "metropole?"
What was Pan-Arabism?
Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876.
What were the Tanzimat Reforms?
Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation, De Beers Diamonds, United Fruit Company, and Unilever are all examples of this.
What is a transnational corporation?
A policy that attempted to ban migrants of a certain ethnicity during the period 1750-1900.
What was the White Australia Policy or the Chinese Exclusion Act?
Russian project that showcases its state-driven industrialization. Had brutal working conditions.
What is the Trans-Siberian Railroad?